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situation ethics Flashcards

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1
Q

how does fletcher see justice

A

justice as a kind of tough love, love applied to the world

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1
Q

justice

A

notions of fair distribution of benefits for all

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2
Q

pragmatism

A

the most practical way to act in moral decision making

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3
Q

relativism

A

rejection of absolute moral standards such as law or rights. good and bad are individual to love

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4
Q

positivism

A

something as true or good without demonstrating it
fletcher posits love as good

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5
Q

personalism

A

ethics centered on people rather than laws or subjects

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6
Q

conscience

A

facualty with in us or out moral reasoning

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7
Q

fletcher definiton of conscience

A

a function rather than a faculty

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8
Q

teleological ethics

A

moral goodness determined by the end result

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9
Q

legalistic ethics

A

law based moral decision making

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10
Q

antinomian ethics

A

doesnt recognise the role of law in morality

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11
Q

situational ethics

A

ethics focused on the situation rather then the fixed rules

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12
Q

agape love

A

unconditional love

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13
Q

extrinsically good

A

good defines with end in thought rather than good in itself
intrinsic opposite

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14
Q

william temple quote about ethics based on love

A

-there is only one ultimate and invariable duty and its to love thou self and thy neighour

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15
Q

fletcher situation ethics based on love quote

A

-christian ethics has only one principle- love- the agape commandment to the command to love and god and thy neighour

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16
Q

st louis taxi driver quote to fletcher

A

some times when a man has to push his principles aside and do the right thing

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17
Q

legalism

A

-overreliance on rules
-jesus says approach bad
called pharisees to strain out a gnat but swallow a camel
-focuses on minor issues and forgets major

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18
Q

fletchers view on later christian development

A

went back to over reliance on rules expecially natural law

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19
Q

situationism

A

-involves taking principles of your community and using them to illuminate situations
-knowing when to apply principles and when to make exceptions

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20
Q

antinomianism

A

no laws
=believe of freedom to act as one sees fit in any circumstance
-holy spirit guides
-to have no rules leads to anarchy- we dont know what to do from one situation to another

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21
Q

4 working principles

A

pragmatism
-relatavism
-positivism
-personalism

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22
Q

pragmatism as a working principle

A

-William jones and John devey
-in order to count something as true something must work in practise
theoretical situations that lead to non positive outcomes no good
-decision must be something good that makes good decisions

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23
Q

reletavism as a working principle

A

-right thing to do dependent on context
-reason to act is love
specifics of how love is applied depend on situation

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24
Q

positivism as working principle

A

-positivist approach to law
-law are things humans beings create
-we have to be active in bringing the most amount of love into society through our actions and decisions

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25
Q

personalism as working principle

A

-people centered
-woman caught in adultery of sabbath being made for men verses vice versa
-examples when jesus put people before rules
-place people at centre of ethics rather than obedience to rules

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26
Q

love only intrinsically good as 1 proposition

A

-only love good in life
-fletcher calls love one regulative principle of christian ethics

27
Q

ruling norm of christian decision love 2 proposition

A

-jesus said above all laws love yourself and neighour and god

28
Q

love and justice same as 3 proposition

A
29
Q

love wills neighour good whether we like him or not 4 proposition

A

-love selfless commitment of decision to treat others as best as we can
-parable of good samaritan- love extends to enemies

30
Q

only end justifies means nothing else 5 proposition

A

-if end outcome most loving then any means of reaching action justified

31
Q

love decisions made situationally 6 proposition

A

-love deicdes there and then fletcher says
-gather facts rather than decide facxts before case

32
Q

abortion after rape fletcher scenario application

A

-young patient in ward raped by fellow patient
-father requested abortion but doctors said abortion only if mothers life in danger

fletcher- wrong outcome, illustrates how legalism can make wrong decision. situation ethics person based not legalistic

33
Q

euthanasia fletcher scenario application

A

-terminally ill man offered medical treatment to keep him alive for a few extra months- family dont benefit but if he doesnt family dont get sum

-fletcher- situation ethics teleological- what makes action good is outcome , fletcher pragmatist, most important that course of action works rather than right- permissible to break normal moral rule and refuse treatment

34
Q

sexual ethics- adultery fletcher scenario application

A

-she could leave camp for being pregnant so asked guard to get her pregnant- returned to family in germany-

Fletcher- relativist- whats right or wring depends on situation- most loving thing to do so acceptable

35
Q

arguments for situation ethics being religious

A

-jesus sums up all of jewish law as love god and your neighour which fletcher uses
-new testemant jesus opposed legalism of pharisees
-jesus argues love is primary evidence of genuiness of religious faith-

36
Q

john 13 34-35

A

by this everyone will know that your are my disciples- if you have love for one another or not

37
Q

arguments against situation ethics being a religious theory

A

-fletchers readings of jesus to selective- condenms divorce and adultery but fletcher accepts it
-jesus said obey his commandments if they follow him - more than just love
-interpratation of agape as unconditional wishing of best for our neighour not explicitly christian

38
Q

mark 12 29 31

A

most important love god with all your heart and love your neighour as yourself

39
Q

4 types of love in greek

A

-storge- familial connections-
philia- close friendship
-eros-sexual love
agape- charity- unconditional love

40
Q

C.S Lewis four loves on agape love

A

-suggests love for human kind
-altriusm
-doesnt involve desire
-not natural to us and can only be practised with gods help

41
Q

arguments arguing situation is helpful for making moral decisions

A

-relatavistic- flexible- enables people to keep spirit of law without being obsessed with letter of law
-enables decisions to be made by situation-enables us to choose lesser of two evils
-person centred and closer to teachings of jesus
-love principle thats hard to object to- compassionate to make decisions because of love

42
Q

arguments arguing against situation ethics being helpful for moral decision making

A

-reletavist so vague-suggestion we should do most loving thing not clear
-no moral boundaries- everything permitted if situation extreme enough, rape and genocide never right
-teleological- have to make predictions anout uncertain consequences
-diffuciy to decide where situation begins and ends-action may set in chain more things
-

43
Q

arguments arguing ethical judgments should be based on agape love

A

-for religious thinker agape best principle and for jesus the best
-principle of agape useful in helping us know when to accept general rules and when to break them- flexible to different situations
-agape relatavist- not easy to manipulate

44
Q

arguments arguing ethical judgments should not be based on agape love

A

-concept of love shown in different ways, concept and application to individual situation produced different results
-deals with exceptional case-agape might be right approach but most cases require us to follow conventional rules
-may be better principles in ethics- pleasure, duty, purpose
religious thinker might rely on gods revelation and think agape leads to stress

45
Q

agape in christian tradition examples and philosophers

A

-augustine- people should love god and do what they will
-aquinas- proportionalism and double effect
-william temple- love christians main duty
-Bohnoeffer- love caused his plot against hitler

46
Q

arguments for situation not being to indivisualistic and subjective

A

-rather than relying on external authorities- gives responsobility and autonomy in moral decision making- treats people as adults
-recognises what might be right for one might not be for another- flexible

47
Q

arguments arguing situation ethics is to individualitsic and subjective

A

-emphasis on indivudual deicsion making means it cant be applied to whole of society
-other thinkers have used love as basis of decision making gave continued to recognise importance of community for decision making- Bonhoeffer
-augustine and Barth- human reason flawed- overlly reliant on ondividuals making right decision- congitive dissonance- hard to go against deeply rooted belief

48
Q

arguments against fketchers view on conscience

A

-being key process in decision making a little vague in terms of detail
he arguably misinterprets aquinas views of conscience whos views may be closer to fletchers than he thinks

49
Q

fletchers view of conscience

A

-enabled you to figure out requirments of agape in your situation
-its a verb not a noun
-he disagreed with traditional view of it being internal moral compass or mental ability to know whats right or wrong

50
Q

situation ethics designed for modern society strength

A

-fletcher and Robinson argue humanity has come of age- more mature
-medieval- less educated- needed rigid rules to follow- couldnt be trusted to act on nuances and complexities of modern ethics
-people more civilised now and grant them more autonomy will increase love without risking the stability of society

51
Q

situation ethics not designed for modern society weakness

A

-William barclay- argues situation ethics gives moral agents to much freedom
-for freedom to be good love has to be perfect
if no or not enought love freedom can be selfish and cruel
-if everyone saint situation ethics perfect
-mankind has not come of age and needs crutch and protection of age

52
Q

final judgment situation ethics good for modern society strength

A

-bacrlays argument fails because legalism worser
-true that some abuse autonomy situation ethics grants them
-not as bad compared to dangers of legalistic morality- infelixible and outdated
-direction of history involves more educated and civilised people so people can be trusted with more freedom

53
Q

final judgment critiquing situation ethics- not for modern society

A

-barclays argument sucess
-if people granted autonomy- they will choose selfish and cruel thing over loving thing
-human nature corrupt innately
-stanford prison experiment and lord of the flies
-freedom to decide whats good and bad without legalism grants humans more power and corrupts them

54
Q

situation ethics being founded on liberal approach to bible strengths

A

–legalists have to much rules- could interpret bible but dont know if its right
-bible not perfect word of god
-sermon on mount and teachings offer paradigms
-bibles fixed rules shouldnt be seen as unbreakable rules
-whatever maximises agape is fine
-focus on bibles love teachings
-ethics of st paul and jesus focused on love and forgiveness

55
Q

situation ethics not liberal view of bible weakness

A

-although love central- not only teaching of bible
-ignores other teachings of bible
-luthers theory of sola scripture- bible alone source of moral authority- not autonomous individual deciding demands of agape in their situation
-sola scriptura protestant W.L.Craig argues bible shows gods justice just as important as love

56
Q

judgment defending situation ethics is liberal approach of bible

A

Craig fails
-fletcher says justice is love distributed
-proves fletchers point of impossibility of figuring exactly out what bible means
-not view it literally
-only as guidelines
-justified to overrule agape with most teachings in bible

57
Q

love strong basis for ethics strength for fletcher

A

-doing action which promotes most loving outcome
-strength of being towards love without weakness of unreliable emotion
-agape love christian selfless love
-some love subjective and unstable for ethics but not agape

58
Q

subjecticity of agape weakness for fletcher

A

-agape defined as loving your neighour as yourself
less subjective than love
-Chitchens- loving your neighour only good if how you love yourself good
-way person loves themselves subjective
-killing people in battle- people want to die in battle so seen as loving your neighour

59
Q

agape not subjective defending situation ethics

A

-criticism not success because it misunderstands agape
-agape not only treating neighour as yourself but loving as yourself
-people dieing in battle- perhaps they didnt love themself

60
Q

flexibility strength of situation ethics

A

-relevant due to flexibility in taking situation into account
-doesnt reveal strict rules or precepts but simply way of individual figuring out whats most loving outcome in situation
-allows christian ethics to adapt to new ethical situations and issues associated with modern society and tech

61
Q

relatavism leads to antinomianism weakness

A

-natural law based catholic argument
-aquinas said prudence cardinal virtue
-it could be justified to do action that go against normal rules if double effect justifies it
-fletcher goes too far
-no matter what pragmatic situation- life cannot be reletavised
-stability of society thretaned
-mother thereasa- greatest threat of peace abortion

62
Q

final judgment defending situation ethics not lead to antinomianism

A

-social order argument not true
-northern europe countries where quality of life over sanctity of life
-those countries happy
-strict ethical rules not needed for social order
-doesnt lead to antinomianism

63
Q

final judgment arguing it does lead to antinomisanism weakness

A

-catholic argument success because its logical if culture devalues life than that could threaten social stability
-god ensures sanctity of life
-if we go against this contrary to gods design unnatural and leads to immorality and social disorder
-ethics that focus on individual autonomy might be fine for particular situations but bat for society as a whole

64
Q
A

religion and ethics (6 decks)

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