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sexual ethics Flashcards

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Religion Crash Course flashcards
1
Q

conservative christianity

A

biblical teachings and traditional theologians

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2
Q

natural moral law

A

typically conservative catholic view

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3
Q

liberal christianity

A

bible not literal word of god so we need to update christian ethics for modern times
-fletcher, situation ethics

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4
Q

conservative secularists

A

traditions regarding sexual ethics are useful for society and maintain them
-kantian ethics

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5
Q

liberal secularists

A

traditions of sexual ethics might have been useful in past but are increasingly outdated and harmful
-utiltarianism example of this

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6
Q

augustine on shame of naked bodies

A

its just because we feel shame over having lust because its beyond our control result of fallen state

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7
Q

how does augustine show sex is shameful

A

people of all cultures cover up their genitals and sex done in private

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8
Q

why do we wear clothes for augustine

A

shows connection between sex, sex organs and shame of original sin which caused adam and eve to feel shame and wear clothes

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9
Q

massa damnata

A

augustine concludes humanity is massa damnata- mass of the damned

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10
Q

why do traditional conservatives approach dislike sex outside of marriage

A

all sex outside heterosexual marriage is condemned in the bible and is wrong on this view

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11
Q

1 corinthians and 1 timothy st paul

A

condemns sodomites as unrighteous and sinners

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12
Q

romans paul on wicked people who became idolators

A

god have them over to their shameful lusts
-women exchanged natural sexual relations for unnatural ones
-men committed shameful acts with other men

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13
Q

leviticus on unnatural sexual acts

A

if men lies with man as he does with women both have committed act of abomination
-they shall be put to death and their blood is upon them

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14
Q

how is homosexual sex suggested to be wrong

A

jesus says its between man and women
-when combined with claim sex should be confined to marriage- suggests homosexual sex wrong

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15
Q

what did jesus say about marriage matthew

A

creator made them male and female
-for this reason man will leave parents and be united with wife to be one in flesh
-therefore what god has joined together let no one seperate

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16
Q

message in bible of temptation

A

we have is to sex
-born with original sin and this causes desire of sinful actions including sinful sexual actions

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17
Q

thessalions 4

A

each of you must learn to control his own body as something holy and held in honour
-not yielding to passion as heathen do in ignorance of god

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18
Q

galations 5 on sexual immorality

A

works of the flesh
-sinful state of our human bodily existence that causes our sinful desires

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19
Q

exodus on sexual immorality

A

exodus 20:14

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20
Q

1 corinthians 7 on sexual immorality

A

we have temptation to sexual immorality
-people should pair off into husband and wife to satisfy each other so satan may not tempt you because of your lack of self control

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21
Q

matthew on sexually impure thoughts

A

everyone who looks at a women with lustful intent has already committed adultery with her in his heart

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22
Q

liberal approach as criticism to sexual immorality passages

A

-argue bible not perfect word of god but product of human mind
-text culturally conditioned
-words of bible interpretations of what authors felt and understood of gods revelation

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23
Q

liberal inspiraton leads to crisis of authority

A

how it could grant authority of bible if it derives from human minds
-could open up bible to interpretation and every person will have their own interpretation
-this cannot provide stable theology for religion
-allows to much freedom for opinion

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24
Q

what did freud think about christian attitudes towards sex

A

resulted in shame about sexual desire which led to unhealthy repression and mental illness

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25
Q

what view did frued influence

A

liberal secular attitude

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26
Q

what does the liberal secular attitude claim about sex

A

natural biological desire which shouldnt be source of shame but well being

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27
Q

frueds criticism of augustines view of sex

A

insistence there is something shameful about lust absurd and pointless once your understand its result of evolution not original sin

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28
Q

frueds criticism to conservative religious attitudes

A

unnecessarily repressive and puritanical
-become unhealthy and pointless obsession with self control borne from insecurity over mythical fall from grace

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29
Q

criticism of christians repression of sexual desire

A

made more sense when humans were less socialised
-today humans have developed where they need more freedom
-nature not corrupt and we need draconin sexual norms

30
Q

secular society oversexualised as criticism of freud

A

natural law argues god designed human life- upset balance= social problems
-hook up culture for higher social status
-devaluing personal intimate act into superficial sign of social status harms psychologically
-damaging for meaningful long term relationships

31
Q

bishop baron criticising Freud

A

secular culture to sex lack of reference to moral and ethical setting for sex
-purpose or religious context
-encourages self interested ego
-self absorbed and destructive

32
Q

stephen fry criticism to catholic church and baron bry

A

paedophiles priest scandals
-celibacy and priests chosen not normal
-unhealthy sexual repressiveness of church teachings causes priests to become sexually perverted
-secular attitudes not perfect but healthier than religious attitudes

33
Q

rule of situation ethics

A

action is good if leads to most loving outcome possible

34
Q

fletchers example of adultery

A

mother trapped so commits adultery to get pregnant and released
-her family approved of action and loves child as their own

35
Q

fletcher from nashs play rainmaker

A

rainmaker has pre martial sex with spinster to save her from becoming spinsterised
-brother outraged and wants to shoot rainmaker but father stops him saying
-you are so full of whats right you cant see whats good

36
Q

fletchers criticism of legalism

A

-ethics must be situation based
-sexual behaviour shouldnt be subject to public norms and legislation
-only subject to principle of agape

37
Q

criticism of sitution ethics

A

love opinion and subjective
-some might think loving to disown child for pre martial sex
-

38
Q

defence of fletcher

A

love subjective but agape not
-agape more specific, selfless love for your neighbour
-pressuring others into sex not selfless for your neighbour

39
Q

counter defence of fletcher

A

agape is subjective
-they way you love neighour depends on how you love yourself

40
Q

natural law on sex

A

god created all things with telos
-telos achieveing happiness through glorifying god by following natural moral law
-going against gods natural law not only isn but leads to bad happiness and well being

41
Q

natural law on homosexuality

A

-unnatural because diverging from natural mode of sex
-homosexual orientation cant be
-not all inclinations natural and part of gods natural law
-catechism against it as divorces sex from gift of life so against gods design

42
Q

what did pope benedict say about homosexuality

A

inclination of homosexual person not sin but strong tendency ordered to intrinsic moral evil so inclination itself must be seen as objective disorder

43
Q

stephen fry criticism of homosexuality criticism

A

religion repressive of homosexual feelings
-victimization that leads to playground bullying

44
Q

augustines defense of criticism of homosexuality

A

against homosexual acts not orientation
-dont claim fry evil only his actions
-bishop baron- first message should be to gays that child of god invited to share divine life

45
Q

christopher hitchens criticism of defense of criticism to homosexuality

A

seperation of sin from sinner not good as actions come from their nature
-church have no moral standing to criticise sexual behaviour as pedos and scandals

46
Q

natural law on pre martial sex

A

we have natural inclination to primary precepts
-all threatened by sexual immorality
-only educated on this if born to married parents
-primary precepts requires confining to sexual behaviour to marriage

47
Q

strength of natural law

A

applicable to everyone
-all humans born with ability to know primary precepts
-regardless of religion

48
Q

weakness- natural law is outdated

A

ancient medieval society
-makes sense for absolutists
-PP for medieval society
-sex for children without parents lead to child in economically deprived society
-outdated in modern society

49
Q

defense of criticism natural law is outdated

A

outdated doesnt make it wrong
-main stream culture has moved on from natural law ethics doesnt mean it was right to
-if hitler won ww2 democracy would be seen as outdated

50
Q

natural law no longer relevant as counter evaluation

A

PP just what wad good for his people in his socio economic condition
-not from god
-by telling people its ethical precepts come from god- creates motivation to follow
-precepts from imagined being- become inflexible and difficult to progress which makes them outdated

51
Q

fletchers critique of aquinas

A

no natural law as shown by cross cultural moral disagreement
-clear cases of different moral views on sexual ethics between different societies
-suggests its not true we are born with ability to discover PP

52
Q

natural law and religious authoritarianism

A

human law should be based on natural and divine law
-includes prohibitions on sex outside of marriage
-marriage between man and woman
-for RA as involves claim what people do in private life must conform to natural and divine law

53
Q

act utiltarianism on sexual ethics

A

if act brings most pleasure acceptable- includes homosexuality and pre martial sex

54
Q

standard criticisms of utiltarianism

A

issue with calculation and measuring pleasure and liberty/ justifying bad actions

55
Q

JS Mill on sexual ethics

A

trying to make thing illegal because they go against religious morality must be rejected as foundation of religious persecution
-extra martial sex allowed in mormon faith but not christianity

56
Q

mill and sexual ethics

A

even if some suffer in sexual practised as long as there is consent
-if those who suffer are allowed perfect departure from their community then others shouldnt get involved

57
Q

mill on harm principle in sexual ethics

A

people free to choose as long as no harm to others
-includes sex private
-people can argue with others about which sexual norm to follow

58
Q

mills conception of society

A

of individuals pursuing what seems good to them
-only universal bond being the wrongness or illegality of harming others

59
Q

Devlins criticism to mill- invisible bonds of common thought

A

society has right to protect itself
-purpose of law to guard against threats to existence of society
-history shows that loosen moral bonds is first stage of falling
-society not held together physically but by invisible bonds of common thought
-society has right to eradicate vices so abominable their presence an offense

60
Q

mills criticism of lord devins argument

A

humans have tendency to increasingly encroach on freedom of individual and will appeal to disgust of majority to justify that
-such principle would forbid non muslims having pork in muslim countries- disgusts population
-only harm principle can draw line between individuals private and public life

61
Q

lord devlin- private affects the public to

A

-majority has right to defend its social enviorment from change it opposes
-if homosexuality not subject to public norms- social enviorment would change in difficult ways
-way people raise and live with kids affected by behaviours and relations
-private effects public- gives ground for subjecting private life to public norms if private practise threatens public good is worth cost to human freedom to protect

62
Q

homosexuality has not harmed society argument against lord devlin

A

-making it public norm hasnt caused damage
-no evidence children raised by homosexual parents are worse off
-communities should change and progress
-community dependent on shared bonds- arguably sufficient for cohesion and clearly allows for change
-private affects public but for greater good of freedom

63
Q

kantian ethics on sexual ethics

A

homosexuality not universal
-if maxim follow your own orientation- then universal
-pre martial sex universal as no contradiction of everyone in it

64
Q

kant and second formulation in sexual ethics

A

sex not within marriage for purpose of procreation involves each person using other as mean to own gratification
-objectification

65
Q

what does kant think about marriage

A

life long possession of each others sexual attributes
-if each person agrees to be used- respecting each others end- only treating them as a means not mere means

66
Q

criticism of kantian ethics on sexual ethics

A

not treating people as mere means wrong as only allows for sex within marriage for children
-sex outside marriage necessarily always objectification

67
Q

kants own ethical theory

A

thinks ethics based on reason and should remove emotion as motivation for moral decision making

68
Q

humes criticism of kants ethical theory

A

judgments being motivating includes them involving desire
-not enough to reason because we have to care
-P1 – moral judgements are intrinsically motivating.
P2 – Reason is not intrinsically motivating.
C1 – Therefore, moral judgements cannot be derived from reason alone

69
Q

rational agents put their emotion aside as criticism of hume

A

reason and emotion in conflict
-back to plato- human reason aimer at world of forms
-as rational agents we should try and separate reason from emotional influence

70
Q

defense of hume against rational agents put reason first

A

-mind like lawyer- project negative psychological motivations into critic
-culture determines emotional feelings - kant ethical sex example of how views reflections and rationalisations of his cultures view
-

religion and ethics (9 decks)

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