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LIPIDS (CHEMLEC) > SIMPLE and COMPLEX lipids > Flashcards

SIMPLE and COMPLEX lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Simple Lipids
➡️ Waxes

A

•esters formed from long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols

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2
Q

most natural waxes are: mixtures of such ______

A

esters.

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3
Q

Plant waxes

A

•protection from dehydration and invasion

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4
Q

Carnauba wax

A

•used extensively in floor waxes, automobile waxes, and furniture polish; largely myricyl cerotate

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5
Q

Animals

A

•protective coatings, keeping the surface of feathers, skin, and hair pliable and water repellent.

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6
Q

Myricyl cerotate -> (found in _____ wax)

A

carnauba wax

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7
Q

Complex lipids
➡️ phospholipids and glycolipids

A

Membrane lipids
•found in cell
•make up 80% of membrane mass
•boundary

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8
Q

3 types:

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Sphingoglyco- lipids
  3. Cholesterol
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9
Q

Phospholipids

A

• contain an alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

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10
Q

2 types of Phospholipids

A
  1. Glycerophospholipids
    2.Sphingolipids
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11
Q

Glycerophospholipids

A

•the alcohol is glycerol

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12
Q

Sphingolipids

A

•the alcohol is sphingosine

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13
Q

Most abundant

A

Phospholipids

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14
Q

components of Phospholipids:

A
  1. One or more fa
  2. PO4
  3. A platform molecule ➡️ fa and PO4 are attached; 3C glycerol (Glycerophospholipid) or a complex C18 aminodialcohol/ sphingosine (sphingophospholipid)
  4. Alcohol- attached to the PO4 group
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15
Q

Phospholipids have

________ head and ______ tail

A

Hydrophilic head and Hydrophobic tails

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16
Q

Hydrophilic head:

A

•chlorine
•phosphate
•glycerol

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17
Q

Hydrophobic tails:

A

•fatty acids

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18
Q

Glycerophospholipids

A

•2fa + PO4 esterified to a glycerol and an alcohol esterified to a PO4 group

•Bond: 4Ester linkage

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19
Q

Phosphoglyceride

A

•phosphatidylethanolamines or cephalins

•phosphatidylcholines or lecithins

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20
Q

phosphatidylethanolamines or cephalins

A

➡️ found in brain tissue and nerves and also have a role in blood clotting.

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21
Q

phosphatidylcholines or lecithins

A

➡️ important constituents of nerve and brain tissue.

ex: egg yolk are especially rich in lecithins

•commercial-grade lecithins isolated from soybeans are widely used in foods as emulsifying agents (milk-casein; mayo-egg yolk)

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22
Q

Due to ester linkage, it undergoes both _______ and ______reactions similar to Triacylglycerols.

A

saponification and hydrolysis

23
Q

Phosphoric acid

A

•parent source for the (-) charged PO4 group

24
Q

OH ➡️ 1 of 3 amino alcohol

A

a. chlorine
b. ethanolamine
c. serine

25
Q

Phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine

A

AA

26
Q

characteristics:

A
  1. Component of cell membranes
  2. Polar (due to their structure)
  3. Amphipathic
    ex: phosphatidylcholines (aka lecithin) w/ stearic and oleic acid); polar head and nonpolar tail
27
Q

Phosphatidylcholines

A

•waxy solids
•forms colloidal suspension in water

•source; eggyolk and soybeans

•prevalent in cell membranes

•made by the liver although supplements are available

•used as emulsifiers (ex. mayonnaise, ice cream, custard)

28
Q

Cephalin

A

•phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphoaridylserine

•found in the ehe art and liver tissue

•brain- high concentrations

• important in blood clotting

29
Q

Sphingophospholipids

A

•sphingomyelin - simplest Sphingolipid; important in nerve cells.

•contains a :
➡️ fatty acid
➡️ phosphoric acid
➡️ sphingosine;
➡️choline

30
Q

Sphingophospholipid also undergo ______reaction.

A

saponification

31
Q

Amide linkage behave as ________ in the reaction.

A

ester linkage

32
Q

Cerebrosides

A

•composed of:
➡️ sphingosine
➡️ fatty acid
➡️ galactose or glucose

•resemble sphingomyeline but have a sugar unit in a place of the choline phosphate group.

•important constituents of the membranes of nerve and brains cells

33
Q

Gangliosides

A

•branched chain of up to 6 monosaccharides residues

•gray matter of the brain and in myelins sheath

•more complex
•branched chain of three to eight monosaccharides and/or substituted sugars.

34
Q

_____ varieties of Gangliosides due to sugar units.

A

130 varieties

35
Q

•cell-to-cell recognition and communication processes

•most prevalent in the outer membranes of nerve cells

A

Gangliosides

36
Q

Cerebrosides and Gangliosides contain sugar groups: classifies as _______

A

Glycolipids

37
Q

Steroids

A

Nonsaponifiable
• bile salts, cholesterol, and related compounds, and certain hormones (such as cortisone and the sex hormones)

38
Q

Steroids occur in ____, _____,_____, and ____ but not in bacteria.

A

plants, animals, yeasts, and molds

39
Q

characteristic structural components of Steroid:

A

• 4 fused rings

40
Q

Cholesterol

A

•the most abundant steroid in the human body (240g is a typical amount)

41
Q

Excess cholesterol

A

factor in atherosclerosis and heart disease

42
Q

about _________ cholesterol is interspersed in the lipid bolster of cell membranes

A

half of the body’s

43
Q

much of the rest of the cholesterol is converted to _______ acid ➡️ used in the formation of ____ salts.

A

chronic acid; bile salts

44
Q

Cholesterol is a precursor in the synthesis of ____ hormones, ____ hormones, and vitamin ___.

A

sex hormones, adrenal hormones, and vitamin D .

45
Q

Cholesterol in the gallbladder precipitates in the form of ______.

A

gallstones

46
Q

Greek “chole” , meaning ______;
and “stereos”, meaning _______

A

chole ➡️ bile
stereos ➡️ solid

47
Q

Lipoproteins

A

•carriers of cholesterol
•transporter of fats

•contain a core hydrophobic lipid molecules surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic molecules sya h as proteins and phospholipids

48
Q

4 kinds of Lipoproteins:

A
  1. High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
  2. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
  3. Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
  4. Chylomicrons
49
Q

“good cholesterol” consists of about 33% protein and about 30% cholesterol

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

50
Q

“bad cholesterol” contains only 25% protein but 50% cholesterol

A

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

51
Q

mostly carries triglycerides( fats) synthesized by the liver

A

Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

52
Q

carries dietary lipids synthesized in the intestine

A

Chylomicrons

53
Q

Transport of Cholesterol in LDL

A

•large VLDL particle
(core contains triglycerides and cholesteryl esters➡️ cholesteryl linoleate)

•surrounded by a polar coat of phospholipids and proteins

•VLDL is carried in the serum

54
Q

coated pits

A

(Specific LDL-receptor molecules line the cell surface in certain concentrated areas)

LIPIDS (CHEMLEC) (8 decks)

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