Chemical Reactions Of Triacylglycerol

Question 1

Esters and alkenes ( _____ _____ present)

Answer 1

(functional group present)

Question 2

Hydrolysis/ _________

Answer 2

saponification

Question 3

hydrogenation and ______

Answer 3

oxidation

Question 4

•reduce carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds by treatment with hydrogen and a catalyst

Answer 4

Hydrogenation

Question 5

Hydrogenation convert unsaturated liquid oils to _____

Answer 5

solids

Question 6

Hydrogenation is the sources of ______ fatty acids

Answer 6

trans

Question 7

trans fatty acids:

Answer 7

• raise cholesterol levels and increase the incidence of heart disease
•do not have the bend in their structure therefore, it is packed closely together in the same way that the saturated fatty acids do.

Question 8

Saponification (_______)

Answer 8

hydrolysis

Question 9

Triglycerides are hydrolyzed in the presence of an ____, a ___, or specific _____ (lipases

Answer 9

in the presence of an acid, base, specific enzymes (lipases)

Question 10

most soaps are prepared through the hydrolysis of _____ using water under a high pressure and temperature

Answer 10

triglycerides

Question 11

sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide is then used to convert the _____ to their ________ (soap molecules)

Answer 11

convert the fatty acids to their sodium salts (soap molecules):

hydrolysis of triglycerides ➡️ produces fatty acids ➡️ which react with a base to form soap molecules

Question 12

OXIDATION

•fats and oils that are in contact with moist air at room temperature eventually undergo __________

Answer 12

oxidation and hydrolysis reactions ➡️ rancidity (characteristic disagreeable odor)

Question 13

One cause of the odor is the release of _______ fatty acids by _____ of the ester bonds.

butter➡️ butyric, caprylic, and caprice acids

Answer 13

volatile fatty acids by hydrolysis

Question 14

___________ are present in the air furnish lipases that catalyze this process.

Answer 14

Microorganisms 🦠

Question 15

Hydrolytic rancidity can easily be prevented by ______ the fat or oil and keeping it in a ______

Answer 15

covering, refrigerator

Question 16

Reverse of esterification

Answer 16

Hydrolysis

Question 17

In acidic conditions, hydrolysis produces ____ and fatty acid ____

Answer 17

glycerol, salts

Question 18

Fat free products➡️ ______ (made up of mono and diacylglycerols)

Answer 18

emulsifiers

Question 19

occurs at digestion

Answer 19

hydrolysis

Question 20

makes use of enzymes (pancreas)

Answer 20

stepwise hydrolysis

Question 21

One outer fa is removed the other outer one leaving a monocylglycerol (end product)

Answer 21

Partial hydrolysis

Question 22

At time the enzymes may removed all 3 fa leaving a free glycerol molecule

Answer 22

Complete hydrolysis

Question 23

•carried out in an alkaline solution

•products: glycerol and fatty acid salts

Answer 23

Saponification

Question 24

2 steps of Saponification

Answer 24

1. Hydrolysis of the water Lingala to produce glycerol and 3 fa
2. Reaction of fa and base (usually NaOH) in the alkaline solution

Question 25

examples of Saponification:

Answer 25

✅ soap making
✅ micelle formation - spherical; polar (out) non-polar (inwards)

Question 26

Hydrogenation

Answer 26

Addition of hydrogen across C-C multiple bonds (this increases the degree of saturation; double bonds are converted to single bonds)

Question 27

•Not all bond are converted to single bonds

•Liquids are converted into semi-solid materials

Answer 27

Partial hydrogenation

Question 28

examples of partial hydrogenation:

Answer 28

1. Peanut butter ➡️ peanut oil
2. Shortening and stick margins ➡️ plant oils
3. Soft spread margarine ➡️ converted for cis configuration to trans

Question 29

Oxidation

Answer 29

C-C subject to oxidation with molecular oxygen (OA)

Question 30

Double bond breaks ➡️ aldehyde and COOH products

Answer 30

Oxidation

Question 31

CHO and COOH - _______ odor; fats and oils (rancid)

Answer 31

Objectionable

Question 32

added to commercial foods to prevent oxidation or rancidity

Answer 32

Antioxidants

Question 33

Natural- vit __ and __

Synthetic -___ and____

Answer 33

vit C and E

BHA and BHT

Question 34

Body odor- produces by rapid oxidation of ____ due to _______

Answer 34

rapid oxidation of oils due to perspiration