Chemical Reactions Of Triacylglycerol Flashcards
Esters and alkenes ( _____ _____ present)
(functional group present)
Hydrolysis/ _________
saponification
hydrogenation and ______
oxidation
•reduce carbon-carbon double bonds to single bonds by treatment with hydrogen and a catalyst
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation convert unsaturated liquid oils to _____
solids
Hydrogenation is the sources of ______ fatty acids
trans
trans fatty acids:
• raise cholesterol levels and increase the incidence of heart disease
•do not have the bend in their structure therefore, it is packed closely together in the same way that the saturated fatty acids do.
Saponification (_______)
hydrolysis
Triglycerides are hydrolyzed in the presence of an ____, a ___, or specific _____ (lipases
in the presence of an acid, base, specific enzymes (lipases)
most soaps are prepared through the hydrolysis of _____ using water under a high pressure and temperature
triglycerides
sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide is then used to convert the _____ to their ________ (soap molecules)
convert the fatty acids to their sodium salts (soap molecules):
hydrolysis of triglycerides ➡️ produces fatty acids ➡️ which react with a base to form soap molecules
OXIDATION
•fats and oils that are in contact with moist air at room temperature eventually undergo __________
oxidation and hydrolysis reactions ➡️ rancidity (characteristic disagreeable odor)
One cause of the odor is the release of _______ fatty acids by _____ of the ester bonds.
butter➡️ butyric, caprylic, and caprice acids
volatile fatty acids by hydrolysis
___________ are present in the air furnish lipases that catalyze this process.
Microorganisms 🦠
Hydrolytic rancidity can easily be prevented by ______ the fat or oil and keeping it in a ______
covering, refrigerator
Reverse of esterification
Hydrolysis
In acidic conditions, hydrolysis produces ____ and fatty acid ____
glycerol, salts
Fat free products➡️ ______ (made up of mono and diacylglycerols)
emulsifiers
occurs at digestion
hydrolysis
makes use of enzymes (pancreas)
stepwise hydrolysis
One outer fa is removed the other outer one leaving a monocylglycerol (end product)
Partial hydrolysis
At time the enzymes may removed all 3 fa leaving a free glycerol molecule
Complete hydrolysis
•carried out in an alkaline solution
•products: glycerol and fatty acid salts
Saponification
2 steps of Saponification
- Hydrolysis of the water Lingala to produce glycerol and 3 fa
- Reaction of fa and base (usually NaOH) in the alkaline solution
examples of Saponification:
✅ soap making
✅ micelle formation - spherical; polar (out) non-polar (inwards)
Hydrogenation
Addition of hydrogen across C-C multiple bonds (this increases the degree of saturation; double bonds are converted to single bonds)
•Not all bond are converted to single bonds
•Liquids are converted into semi-solid materials
Partial hydrogenation
examples of partial hydrogenation:
- Peanut butter ➡️ peanut oil
- Shortening and stick margins ➡️ plant oils
- Soft spread margarine ➡️ converted for cis configuration to trans
Oxidation
C-C subject to oxidation with molecular oxygen (OA)
Double bond breaks ➡️ aldehyde and COOH products
Oxidation
CHO and COOH - _______ odor; fats and oils (rancid)
Objectionable
added to commercial foods to prevent oxidation or rancidity
Antioxidants
Natural- vit __ and __
Synthetic -___ and____
vit C and E
BHA and BHT
Body odor- produces by rapid oxidation of ____ due to _______
rapid oxidation of oils due to perspiration
