Significant Figures Flashcards
Sigmund Freud
1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego reality and pleasure principles ego ideal defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud) psychoanalysis transference
Anna Freud
1895-1982; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: focused on child psychoanalysis fully developed defense mechanisms emphasized importance of the ego and its constant struggle
Carl Jung
1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation
Erik Erikson
1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting “Who am I?”
Lawrence K_hlberg
1927-1987; Field: cognition moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior
Carol Gilligan
1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: maintained that K_hlberg’s work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles
William James
1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism The Meaning of Truth
William Wundt
1832-1920; Field: structuralism voluntarism; Contributions: introspection basic units of experience; Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig
BF Skinner
1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism’s behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box
John B Watson
1878-1958; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: generalization-inductive reasoning emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; Studies: Little Albert
Jean Piaget
1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
Harry Harlow
1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)
Carl Rogers
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth unconditional positive regard fully functioning person
Abraham Maslow
1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual’s motivation as long as they are unsatisfied self-actualization transcendence
Karen Horney
1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts neurotic trends
Alfred Adler
1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes style of life inferiority/superiority complexes childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order
Gordon Allport
1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits 3 levels of traits-cardinal central and secondary
Hermann Rorschach
1884-1922; Field: personality psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject’s commentary
Solomon Asch
1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity opinions and social pressures
Stanley Schachter
1922-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: stated that in order to experience emotions a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it
Stanley Milgram
1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study
Philip Zimbardo
1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that peoples behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; Studies: Stanford Prison Study-studied power of social roles to influence people’s behavior
Elizabeth K˜bler-Ross
1926-2004; Field: development; Contributions: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. death 2. anger/resentment 3. bargaining with God 4. depression 5. acceptance)
Elizabeth Loftus
1944-present; Field: memory; Contributions: expert in eyewitness testimony (false memories or misinformation effect); Studies: Reconstruction of Auto. Destruction Jane Doe Case (repressed memories of Nicole Taus’ sex abuse)
Robert Sternberg
1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving practical and creative)
Albert Bandura
1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated ‘appropriate’ play with dolls children mimicked play
Raymond Cattell
1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality ability & motivation) 16 Personality Factors (personality test)
Aaron Beck
1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy created Beck Scales-depression inventory hopelessness scale suicidal ideation anxiety inventory and youth inventories
Noam Chomsky
1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language humans have an inborn native ability to develop language
Edward Thorndike
1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats
HJ Eysenck
1916-1997; Field: personality; Contributions: asserted that personality is largely determined by genes used introversion/extroversion
Mary Ainsworth
1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment
Kenneth Clark
1914-2005; Field: social psychology; Contributions: research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; Studies: Doll experiments-black children chose white dolls
Lev Vygotsky
1896-1934; Field: child development; Contributions: investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development zone of proximal development; play research
Martin Seligman
1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Positive Psychology learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness
Howard Gardner
1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic spatial bodily-kinesthetic intrapersonal linguistic musical interpersonal naturalistic)
Kurt Lewin
1890-1947; Field: social psychology; Contributions: German refugee who escaped Nazis proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; Studies: Leadership syles-studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children completing activities
Ivan Pavlov
1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology; Contributions: developed foundation for classical conditioning discovered that a UCS naturally elicits a reflexive behavior; Studies: dog salivation
Hermann Ebbinghaus
1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words
Benjamin Whorf
1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think
Robert Rosenthal
1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: focus on nonverbal communication self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher’s expectations on students
Judith Langlois
dates ?; Field: developmental; Contributions: social development & processing effects of appearance on behavior origin of social stereotypes sex/love/intimacy facial expression
David Rosenhan
dates?; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder your care would not be very good in a mental health setting; Studies: Hospital experiment-checked into hospital to check diagnosis
Daniel Goleman
1946-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: emotional intelligence
Charles Spearman
1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled ‘g’ (general ability)
Albert Ellis
1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions
Harry Stack Sullivan
1892-1949; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: groundwork for enmeshed relationships developed the Self-System-a configuration of personality traits
Robert Yerkes
187601956; Field: intelligence comparative; Contributions: social behavior of gorillas/chimps Yerkes-Dodson law-level of arousal as related to performance
Alfred Binet
1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)
Little Albert
ca. 1920; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: subject in John Watson’s experiment proved classical conditioning principles: Studies: Little Albert-generalization of fear
Karl Wernicke
1848-1905; Field: perception; Contributions: area of left temporal lobe involved language understanding; Studies: person damaged in this area uses correct words but they do not make sense
Ernst Weber
1795-1878; Field: perception; Contributions: just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber’s law; Studies: 1st study on JND