GRE Psychology CH 12-15 Flashcards

1
Q

Aggression

A

any behavior or action that involves the intention to harm someone else

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2
Q

Altruism

A

the providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so

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3
Q

Attitudes

A

the evaluation of objects, events, or ideas

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4
Q

Attributions

A

people’s causal explanations for why events or actions occur

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5
Q

Bystander intervention effect

A

the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need

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6
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

an uncomfortable mental state due to conflicts between attitudes or between attitudes and behavior

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7
Q

Compliance

A

the tendency to agree to do things requested by others

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8
Q

Conformity

A

the altering of one’s opinions or behaviors to match those of others or to match social norms

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9
Q

Deindividuation

A

a phenomenon of low self-awareness, in which people lose their individuality and fail to attend to personal standards

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10
Q

Discrimination

A

the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based solely on their group membership

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11
Q

Elaboration likelihood model

A

a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes

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12
Q

Explicit attitudes

A

attitudes that people can report

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13
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

the extent to which people feel frustrated predicts the likelihood that they will be aggressive

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14
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to overemphasize personal factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining behavior

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15
Q

Implicit attitudes

A

attitudes that influence our feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

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16
Q

Ingroup favoritism

A

the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup

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17
Q

Nonverbal behavior

A

the facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others

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18
Q

Personal attributions

A

explanations that refer to internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, and effort

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19
Q

Persuasion

A

the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message

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20
Q

Prejudice

A

the usually negative affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes

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21
Q

Prosocial

A

tending to benefit others

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22
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

people’s tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or others’ expectations

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23
Q

Situational attributions

A

explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or the actions of other people

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24
Q

Social loafing

A

the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone

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25
Q

Social norms

A

expected standards to conduct, which influence behavior

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26
Q

Stereotypes

A

cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups

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27
Q

Behavioral approach system (BAS)

A

the brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards

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28
Q

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

A

the brain system that is sensitive to punishment that therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain

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29
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress

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30
Q

Ego

A

in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego

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31
Q

Five-factor theory

A

the idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

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32
Q

Humanistic approaches

A

approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems; they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential

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33
Q

Id

A

in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle

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34
Q

Idiographic approaches

A

person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons

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35
Q

Interactionists

A

theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by underlying dispositions and situations

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36
Q

Nomothetic approaches

A

approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traits

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37
Q

Objective measures

A

relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings

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38
Q

Personality

A

the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances

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39
Q

Personality trait

A

a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances

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40
Q

Personality types

A

discrete categories based on global personality characteristics

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41
Q

Projective measures

A

personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli

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42
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior

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43
Q

Psychosexual stage

A

according to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges

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44
Q

Self-serving bias

A

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

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45
Q

Situationism

A

the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits

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46
Q

Sociometer

A

an internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection

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47
Q

Superego

A

in psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct

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48
Q

Temperaments

A

biologically based tendencies or feel or act in certain ways

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49
Q

Trait approach

A

an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions

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50
Q

Agoraphobia

A

an anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations, escape may be difficult or impossible

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51
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

a personality disorder marked by a lack of empathy and remorse

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52
Q

Assessment

A

in psychology, examination of a person’s mental state to diagnose possible psychological disorders

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53
Q

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

a disorder characterized by restless, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors

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54
Q

Autism

A

a developmental disorder involving deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted interests

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55
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania

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56
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

a personality disorder characterized by identity, affective, and impulse disturbances

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57
Q

Cognitive-behavioral approach

A

a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive cognitions

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58
Q

Delusions

A

false personal beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality

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59
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

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60
Q

Disorganized behavior

A

acting in strange or unusual ways, including strange movement of limbs, bizarre speech, and inappropriate self-care, such as failing to dress properly or bathe

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61
Q

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A

the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual

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62
Q

Dysthymia

A

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression

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63
Q

Etiology

A

factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

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64
Q

Family systems model

A

a diagnostic model that considers symptoms within an individual as indicating problems within the family

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65
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

diffuse state of constant anxiety unassociated with any specific object or event

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66
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source

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67
Q

Learned helplessness model

A

a cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events around them

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68
Q

Loosening of associations

A

a speech pattern among schizophrenic patients in which their thoughts are disorganized or meaningless

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69
Q

Major depression

A

a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

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70
Q

Multiaxial system

A

the system used in the DSM that provides assessment along five axes describing important mental health factors

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71
Q

Negative symptoms

A

symptoms of schizophrenia marked by deficits in functioning such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

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72
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions

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73
Q

Panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

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74
Q

Positive symptoms

A

symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations, that are excesses in behavior

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75
Q

Psychopathology

A

a disorder of the mind

76
Q

Schizophrenia

A

a mental disorder characterized by alterations in perceptions, emotions, thoughts, or consciousness

77
Q

Sociocultural model

A

a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of interaction between individuals and their cultures

78
Q

Anti-anxiety drugs

A

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety

79
Q

Antidepressants

A

a class of psychotropic medications used to treat depression

80
Q

Antipsychotics

A

a class of drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis

81
Q

Applied behavioral analysis (ABA)

A

an intensive treatment for autism, based on operant conditioning

82
Q

Biological therapies

A

treatment based on medical approaches to illness and to disease

83
Q

Client-centered therapy

A

an empathic approach to therapy; it encourages personal growth through greater self-understanding

84
Q

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

a therapy that incorporates techniques from behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors

85
Q

Cognitive restructuring

A

a therapy that strives to help patients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality

86
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions

87
Q

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

A

a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder

88
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

a procedure used to treat depression; it involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient’s brain

89
Q

Exposure

A

a behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation

90
Q

Expressed emotion

A

a pattern of interactions that includes emotional over-involvement, critical comments, and hostility directed toward a patient by family members

91
Q

Insight

A

a goal of some types of therapy; a patient’s understanding of his or her own psychological processes

92
Q

Psychotherapy

A

the generic name given to formal psychological treatment

93
Q

Psychotropic medications

A

drugs that affect mental processes

94
Q

any behavior or action that involves the intention to harm someone else

A

Aggression

95
Q

the providing of help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so

A

Altruism

96
Q

the evaluation of objects, events, or ideas

A

Attitudes

97
Q

people’s causal explanations for why events or actions occur

A

Attributions

98
Q

the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need

A

Bystander intervention effect

99
Q

an uncomfortable mental state due to conflicts between attitudes or between attitudes and behavior

A

Cognitive dissonance

100
Q

the tendency to agree to do things requested by others

A

Compliance

101
Q

the altering of one’s opinions or behaviors to match those of others or to match social norms

A

Conformity

102
Q

a phenomenon of low self-awareness, in which people lose their individuality and fail to attend to personal standards

A

Deindividuation

103
Q

the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based solely on their group membership

A

Discrimination

104
Q

a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes

A

Elaboration likelihood model

105
Q

attitudes that people can report

A

Explicit attitudes

106
Q

the extent to which people feel frustrated predicts the likelihood that they will be aggressive

A

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

107
Q

the tendency to overemphasize personal factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining behavior

A

Fundamental attribution error

108
Q

attitudes that influence our feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

A

Implicit attitudes

109
Q

the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup

A

Ingroup favoritism

110
Q

the facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others

A

Nonverbal behavior

111
Q

explanations that refer to internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, and effort

A

Personal attributions

112
Q

the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message

A

Persuasion

113
Q

the usually negative affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes

A

Prejudice

114
Q

tending to benefit others

A

Prosocial

115
Q

people’s tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or others’ expectations

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

116
Q

explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or the actions of other people

A

Situational attributions

117
Q

the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone

A

Social loafing

118
Q

expected standards to conduct, which influence behavior

A

Social norms

119
Q

cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of information about people based on their membership in certain groups

A

Stereotypes

120
Q

the brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards

A

Behavioral approach system (BAS)

121
Q

the brain system that is sensitive to punishment that therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain

A

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

122
Q

unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress

A

Defense mechanisms

123
Q

in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego

A

Ego

124
Q

the idea that personality can be described using five factors: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

A

Five-factor theory

125
Q

approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems; they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential

A

Humanistic approaches

126
Q

in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle

A

Id

127
Q

person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons

A

Idiographic approaches

128
Q

theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by underlying dispositions and situations

A

Interactionists

129
Q

approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traits

A

Nomothetic approaches

130
Q

relatively direct assessments of personality, usually based on information gathered through self-report questionnaires or observer ratings

A

Objective measures

131
Q

the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances

A

Personality

132
Q

a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances

A

Personality trait

133
Q

discrete categories based on global personality characteristics

A

Personality types

134
Q

personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli

A

Projective measures

135
Q

Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior

A

Psychodynamic theory

136
Q

according to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges

A

Psychosexual stage

137
Q

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

A

Self-serving bias

138
Q

the theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits

A

Situationism

139
Q

an internal monitor of social acceptance or rejection

A

Sociometer

140
Q

in psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct

A

Superego

141
Q

biologically based tendencies or feel or act in certain ways

A

Temperaments

142
Q

an approach to studying personality that focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions

A

Trait approach

143
Q

an anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations, escape may be difficult or impossible

A

Agoraphobia

144
Q

a personality disorder marked by a lack of empathy and remorse

A

Antisocial personality disorder

145
Q

in psychology, examination of a person’s mental state to diagnose possible psychological disorders

A

Assessment

146
Q

a disorder characterized by restless, inattentive, and impulsive behaviors

A

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

147
Q

a developmental disorder involving deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted interests

A

Autism

148
Q

a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania

A

Bipolar disorder

149
Q

a personality disorder characterized by identity, affective, and impulse disturbances

A

Borderline personality disorder

150
Q

a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive cognitions

A

Cognitive-behavioral approach

151
Q

false personal beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality

A

Delusions

152
Q

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

A

Diathesis-stress model

153
Q

acting in strange or unusual ways, including strange movement of limbs, bizarre speech, and inappropriate self-care, such as failing to dress properly or bathe

A

Disorganized behavior

154
Q

the occurrence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual

A

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

155
Q

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression

A

Dysthymia

156
Q

factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

A

Etiology

157
Q

a diagnostic model that considers symptoms within an individual as indicating problems within the family

A

Family systems model

158
Q

diffuse state of constant anxiety unassociated with any specific object or event

A

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

159
Q

false sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source

A

Hallucinations

160
Q

a cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events around them

A

Learned helplessness model

161
Q

a speech pattern among schizophrenic patients in which their thoughts are disorganized or meaningless

A

Loosening of associations

162
Q

a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

A

Major depression

163
Q

the system used in the DSM that provides assessment along five axes describing important mental health factors

A

Multiaxial system

164
Q

symptoms of schizophrenia marked by deficits in functioning such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement

A

Negative symptoms

165
Q

an anxiety disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

166
Q

an anxiety disorder characterized by sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

A

Panic disorder

167
Q

symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations, that are excesses in behavior

A

Positive symptoms

168
Q

a disorder of the mind

A

Psychopathology

169
Q

a mental disorder characterized by alterations in perceptions, emotions, thoughts, or consciousness

A

Schizophrenia

170
Q

a diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of interaction between individuals and their cultures

A

Sociocultural model

171
Q

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety

A

Anti-anxiety drugs

172
Q

a class of psychotropic medications used to treat depression

A

Antidepressants

173
Q

a class of drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis

A

Antipsychotics

174
Q

an intensive treatment for autism, based on operant conditioning

A

Applied behavioral analysis (ABA)

175
Q

treatment based on medical approaches to illness and to disease

A

Biological therapies

176
Q

an empathic approach to therapy; it encourages personal growth through greater self-understanding

A

Client-centered therapy

177
Q

a therapy that incorporates techniques from behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors

A

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

178
Q

a therapy that strives to help patients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality

A

Cognitive restructuring

179
Q

treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions

A

Cognitive therapy

180
Q

a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder

A

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

181
Q

a procedure used to treat depression; it involves administering a strong electrical current to the patient’s brain

A

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

182
Q

a behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation

A

Exposure

183
Q

a pattern of interactions that includes emotional over-involvement, critical comments, and hostility directed toward a patient by family members

A

Expressed emotion

184
Q

a goal of some types of therapy; a patient’s understanding of his or her own psychological processes

A

Insight

185
Q

the generic name given to formal psychological treatment

A

Psychotherapy

186
Q

drugs that affect mental processes

A

Psychotropic medications