GRE Psychology CH 9-11 Flashcards
Arousal
psychological activation, such as increased brain activity, autonomic responses, sweating, or muscle tension
Display rules
rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations
Drive
psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy its needs
Emotion
feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs
Extrinsic motivation
motivation to perform an activity because of external goals toward which that activity is directed
Homeostasis
the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium
Incentives
external stimuli that motivate behaviors (as opposed to internal drives)
Intrinsic motivation
motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose
Motivation
factors that energize, director, or sustain behavior
Need
state of biological or social deficiencies
Need hierarchy
Maslow’s arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs are lowest priority and personal growth needs are highest priority
Need to belong theory
the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes
Primary emotions
evolutionarily adaptive emotions that humans share across cultures; they are associated with specific biological and physical states
Secondary emotions
blends of primary emotions, including states such as remorse, guilt, submission, and anticipation
Self-actualization
a state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained
Sexual response cycle
a pattern of physiological responses during sexual activity
Sexual strategies theory
evolutionary theory that suggests men and women look for different qualities in their relationship partners because of gender-specific adaptive problems
Somatic markers
bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action’s consequences
Yerkes-Dodson law
performance increases with arousal until an optimal point, after which arousal interferes with performance
Allostatic load theory of illness
when people are continually stressed, they are unable to return to bodily states that characterized normal stress levels
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an excessive fear of becoming fat and thus a refusal to eat
Biopsychosocial model
a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness
Body mass index (BMI)
a ratio of body weight to height, used to measure obesity
Buffering hypothesis
the idea that other people can provide direct support in helping individuals cope with stressful events
Bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging
Coping response
any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus
Emotion-focused coping
a type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor
Fight-or-flight response
the physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger
General adaptation syndrome
pattern of physiological response to stress, consisting of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Health psychology
the field of psychological science concerned with the events that affect physical well-being
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
the biological system responsible for the stress response
Immune system
the body’s mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses
Lymphocytes
specialized white blood cells known as B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells that make up the immune system
Oxytocin
a hormone that is important for mothers in bonding to newborns
Placebo effect
a drug or treatment, unrelated to the particular problem of the person who receives it, may make the recipient feel better because the person believes the drug or treatment is effective
Primary appraisal
part of the coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant
Problem-focused coping
a type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor
Secondary appraisal
part of the coping process during which people evaluate their options and choose coping behaviors
Social integration
the quality of a person’s social relationships
Stress
pattern of behavioral and physiological responses to events that match or exceed an organism’s abilities to respond
Stressor
an environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism
Tend-and-befriend response
females’ tendency to protect and care for their offspring and form social alliances rather than flee or fight in response to threat
Type A behavior pattern
a pattern of behavior characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, restlessness, inability to relax, and impatience with others
Type B behavior pattern
a pattern of behavior characterized by relaxed, noncompetitive, easygoing, and accommodating behavior
Well-being
a positive state that includes striving for optimal health
Accommodation
the process by which a schema is changed to incorporate a new experience that does not easily fit into an existing schema
Anxious-ambivalent attachment
attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns
Assimilation
the process by which a new experience is placed into an existing schema
Attachment
a strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances
Avoidant attachment
attachment style in which infants ignore their caregiver when he or she returns after a brief separation
Concrete operational stage
the third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, during which children begin to think about and understand operations in ways that are reversible
Conventional
middle stage of moral development, in which rules and the approval of others determines what is moral
Critical periods
biologically determined time periods for the development of specific skills
Developmental psychology
the study of changes in physiology, cognition, and social behavior over the life span
Disorganized attachment
attachment style in which infants give mixed responses when their caregiver leaves and then returns from a short absence
Formal operational stage
the final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; it involves the ability to think abstractly and to formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic
Gender identity
personal beliefs about whether one is male or female