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GRE Psychology Subject Exam > GRE Psychology CH 9-11 > Flashcards

GRE Psychology CH 9-11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Arousal

A

psychological activation, such as increased brain activity, autonomic responses, sweating, or muscle tension

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2
Q

Display rules

A

rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations

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3
Q

Drive

A

psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy its needs

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4
Q

Emotion

A

feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs

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5
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

motivation to perform an activity because of external goals toward which that activity is directed

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium

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7
Q

Incentives

A

external stimuli that motivate behaviors (as opposed to internal drives)

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8
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose

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9
Q

Motivation

A

factors that energize, director, or sustain behavior

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10
Q

Need

A

state of biological or social deficiencies

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11
Q

Need hierarchy

A

Maslow’s arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs are lowest priority and personal growth needs are highest priority

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12
Q

Need to belong theory

A

the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes

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13
Q

Primary emotions

A

evolutionarily adaptive emotions that humans share across cultures; they are associated with specific biological and physical states

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14
Q

Secondary emotions

A

blends of primary emotions, including states such as remorse, guilt, submission, and anticipation

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15
Q

Self-actualization

A

a state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained

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16
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

a pattern of physiological responses during sexual activity

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17
Q

Sexual strategies theory

A

evolutionary theory that suggests men and women look for different qualities in their relationship partners because of gender-specific adaptive problems

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18
Q

Somatic markers

A

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action’s consequences

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19
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

performance increases with arousal until an optimal point, after which arousal interferes with performance

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20
Q

Allostatic load theory of illness

A

when people are continually stressed, they are unable to return to bodily states that characterized normal stress levels

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21
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by an excessive fear of becoming fat and thus a refusal to eat

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22
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

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23
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

a ratio of body weight to height, used to measure obesity

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24
Q

Buffering hypothesis

A

the idea that other people can provide direct support in helping individuals cope with stressful events

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25
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging

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26
Q

Coping response

A

any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus

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27
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

a type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor

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28
Q

Fight-or-flight response

A

the physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger

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29
Q

General adaptation syndrome

A

pattern of physiological response to stress, consisting of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

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30
Q

Health psychology

A

the field of psychological science concerned with the events that affect physical well-being

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31
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

the biological system responsible for the stress response

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32
Q

Immune system

A

the body’s mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses

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33
Q

Lymphocytes

A

specialized white blood cells known as B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells that make up the immune system

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34
Q

Oxytocin

A

a hormone that is important for mothers in bonding to newborns

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35
Q

Placebo effect

A

a drug or treatment, unrelated to the particular problem of the person who receives it, may make the recipient feel better because the person believes the drug or treatment is effective

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36
Q

Primary appraisal

A

part of the coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant

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37
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

a type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor

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38
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

part of the coping process during which people evaluate their options and choose coping behaviors

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39
Q

Social integration

A

the quality of a person’s social relationships

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40
Q

Stress

A

pattern of behavioral and physiological responses to events that match or exceed an organism’s abilities to respond

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41
Q

Stressor

A

an environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism

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42
Q

Tend-and-befriend response

A

females’ tendency to protect and care for their offspring and form social alliances rather than flee or fight in response to threat

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43
Q

Type A behavior pattern

A

a pattern of behavior characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, restlessness, inability to relax, and impatience with others

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44
Q

Type B behavior pattern

A

a pattern of behavior characterized by relaxed, noncompetitive, easygoing, and accommodating behavior

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45
Q

Well-being

A

a positive state that includes striving for optimal health

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46
Q

Accommodation

A

the process by which a schema is changed to incorporate a new experience that does not easily fit into an existing schema

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47
Q

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

A

attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns

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48
Q

Assimilation

A

the process by which a new experience is placed into an existing schema

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49
Q

Attachment

A

a strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances

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50
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

attachment style in which infants ignore their caregiver when he or she returns after a brief separation

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51
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

the third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, during which children begin to think about and understand operations in ways that are reversible

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52
Q

Conventional

A

middle stage of moral development, in which rules and the approval of others determines what is moral

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53
Q

Critical periods

A

biologically determined time periods for the development of specific skills

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54
Q

Developmental psychology

A

the study of changes in physiology, cognition, and social behavior over the life span

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55
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

attachment style in which infants give mixed responses when their caregiver leaves and then returns from a short absence

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56
Q

Formal operational stage

A

the final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; it involves the ability to think abstractly and to formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic

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57
Q

Gender identity

A

personal beliefs about whether one is male or female

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58
Q

Gender roles

A

the characteristics associated with males and females because of cultural influence or learning

59
Q

Gender schemas

A

cognitive structures that influence how people perceive the behaviors of females and males

60
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

the inability to remember events from early childhood

61
Q

Object permanence

A

the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

62
Q

Postconventional

A

highest stage of moral development, in which decisions about morality depend on abstract principles

63
Q

Preconventional

A

earliest level of moral development, in which self-interest determines what is moral

64
Q

Preoperational stage

A

the second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, during which children think symbolically about objects, but reason is based on appearance rather than logic

65
Q

Secure attachment

A

attachment style for a majority of infants, who are readily comforted when their caregiver returns after a brief separation

66
Q

Sensitive periods

A

biologically determined time periods when specific skills develop most easily

67
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

the first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, during which infants acquire information about the world through their senses and respond reflexively

68
Q

Social development

A

the maturation of skills or abilities that enable people to live in a world with other people

69
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are frequently used are preserved, and those that are not are lost

70
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

the tendency for children to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax

71
Q

Teratogens

A

environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus

72
Q

Theory of mind

A

the term used to describe the ability to explain and predict other people’s behavior as a result of recognizing their mental state

73
Q

psychological activation, such as increased brain activity, autonomic responses, sweating, or muscle tension

A

Arousal

74
Q

rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable to given situations

A

Display rules

75
Q

psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy its needs

A

Drive

76
Q

feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs

A

Emotion

77
Q

motivation to perform an activity because of external goals toward which that activity is directed

A

Extrinsic motivation

78
Q

the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium

A

Homeostasis

79
Q

external stimuli that motivate behaviors (as opposed to internal drives)

A

Incentives

80
Q

motivation to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose

A

Intrinsic motivation

81
Q

factors that energize, director, or sustain behavior

A

Motivation

82
Q

state of biological or social deficiencies

A

Need

83
Q

Maslow’s arrangement of needs, in which basic survival needs are lowest priority and personal growth needs are highest priority

A

Need hierarchy

84
Q

the need for interpersonal attachments is a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes

A

Need to belong theory

85
Q

evolutionarily adaptive emotions that humans share across cultures; they are associated with specific biological and physical states

A

Primary emotions

86
Q

blends of primary emotions, including states such as remorse, guilt, submission, and anticipation

A

Secondary emotions

87
Q

a state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained

A

Self-actualization

88
Q

a pattern of physiological responses during sexual activity

A

Sexual response cycle

89
Q

evolutionary theory that suggests men and women look for different qualities in their relationship partners because of gender-specific adaptive problems

A

Sexual strategies theory

90
Q

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action’s consequences

A

Somatic markers

91
Q

performance increases with arousal until an optimal point, after which arousal interferes with performance

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

92
Q

when people are continually stressed, they are unable to return to bodily states that characterized normal stress levels

A

Allostatic load theory of illness

93
Q

an eating disorder characterized by an excessive fear of becoming fat and thus a refusal to eat

A

Anorexia nervosa

94
Q

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

A

Biopsychosocial model

95
Q

a ratio of body weight to height, used to measure obesity

A

Body mass index (BMI)

96
Q

the idea that other people can provide direct support in helping individuals cope with stressful events

A

Buffering hypothesis

97
Q

an eating disorder characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging

A

Bulimia nervosa

98
Q

any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus

A

Coping response

99
Q

a type of coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor

A

Emotion-focused coping

100
Q

the physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger

A

Fight-or-flight response

101
Q

pattern of physiological response to stress, consisting of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

A

General adaptation syndrome

102
Q

the field of psychological science concerned with the events that affect physical well-being

A

Health psychology

103
Q

the biological system responsible for the stress response

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

104
Q

the body’s mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses

A

Immune system

105
Q

specialized white blood cells known as B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells that make up the immune system

A

Lymphocytes

106
Q

a hormone that is important for mothers in bonding to newborns

A

Oxytocin

107
Q

a drug or treatment, unrelated to the particular problem of the person who receives it, may make the recipient feel better because the person believes the drug or treatment is effective

A

Placebo effect

108
Q

part of the coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant

A

Primary appraisal

109
Q

a type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor

A

Problem-focused coping

110
Q

part of the coping process during which people evaluate their options and choose coping behaviors

A

Secondary appraisal

111
Q

the quality of a person’s social relationships

A

Social integration

112
Q

pattern of behavioral and physiological responses to events that match or exceed an organism’s abilities to respond

A

Stress

113
Q

an environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism

A

Stressor

114
Q

females’ tendency to protect and care for their offspring and form social alliances rather than flee or fight in response to threat

A

Tend-and-befriend response

115
Q

a pattern of behavior characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, restlessness, inability to relax, and impatience with others

A

Type A behavior pattern

116
Q

a pattern of behavior characterized by relaxed, noncompetitive, easygoing, and accommodating behavior

A

Type B behavior pattern

117
Q

a positive state that includes striving for optimal health

A

Well-being

118
Q

the process by which a schema is changed to incorporate a new experience that does not easily fit into an existing schema

A

Accommodation

119
Q

attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns

A

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

120
Q

the process by which a new experience is placed into an existing schema

A

Assimilation

121
Q

a strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances

A

Attachment

122
Q

attachment style in which infants ignore their caregiver when he or she returns after a brief separation

A

Avoidant attachment

123
Q

the third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, during which children begin to think about and understand operations in ways that are reversible

A

Concrete operational stage

124
Q

middle stage of moral development, in which rules and the approval of others determines what is moral

A

Conventional

125
Q

biologically determined time periods for the development of specific skills

A

Critical periods

126
Q

the study of changes in physiology, cognition, and social behavior over the life span

A

Developmental psychology

127
Q

attachment style in which infants give mixed responses when their caregiver leaves and then returns from a short absence

A

Disorganized attachment

128
Q

the final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; it involves the ability to think abstractly and to formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic

A

Formal operational stage

129
Q

personal beliefs about whether one is male or female

A

Gender identity

130
Q

the characteristics associated with males and females because of cultural influence or learning

A

Gender roles

131
Q

cognitive structures that influence how people perceive the behaviors of females and males

A

Gender schemas

132
Q

the inability to remember events from early childhood

A

Infantile amnesia

133
Q

the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

A

Object permanence

134
Q

highest stage of moral development, in which decisions about morality depend on abstract principles

A

Postconventional

135
Q

earliest level of moral development, in which self-interest determines what is moral

A

Preconventional

136
Q

the second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, during which children think symbolically about objects, but reason is based on appearance rather than logic

A

Preoperational stage

137
Q

attachment style for a majority of infants, who are readily comforted when their caregiver returns after a brief separation

A

Secure attachment

138
Q

biologically determined time periods when specific skills develop most easily

A

Sensitive periods

139
Q

the first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, during which infants acquire information about the world through their senses and respond reflexively

A

Sensorimotor stage

140
Q

the maturation of skills or abilities that enable people to live in a world with other people

A

Social development

141
Q

a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are frequently used are preserved, and those that are not are lost

A

Synaptic pruning

142
Q

the tendency for children to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntax

A

Telegraphic speech

143
Q

environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus

A

Teratogens

144
Q

the term used to describe the ability to explain and predict other people’s behavior as a result of recognizing their mental state

A

Theory of mind

GRE Psychology Subject Exam (5 decks)

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