Signalling

Question 1

Integrator Proteins

Answer 1

Protein product of cell surface receptors at that start a cascade of reactions

Question 2

Latent Gene regulator proteins

Answer 2

proteins that can be stored to initiate a later rapid response

Question 3

Scaffold protein

Answer 3

adaptor/anchoring proteins that bind proteins into a functional complex

Question 4

What major effect do scaffold proteins have on cell signalling?

Answer 4

Increase signalling efficiency

Question 5

SH2

Answer 5

Src homology 2 domain, bind phosphorylated tyrosines (PY)

Question 6

PH

Answer 6

Pleckstrin homology domain, binds charged head groups of specific phosphorylated inositol phospholipids (PP) & allow proteins to dock in the membrane

Question 7

PTB

Answer 7

Phosphotyrosine-binding domain

Question 8

SH3

Answer 8

Src homology 3 domain, binds short proline-rich amino acid sequences (PPP)

Question 9

Inositol Phospholipid

Answer 9

anchors protein to the membrane

Question 10

PPP

Answer 10

Proline-rich motif

Question 11

Y

Answer 11

tyrosine

Question 12

PY

Answer 12

Phosphotyrosine

Question 13

What are the 4 important binding domains?

Answer 13

PH, PTB, SH2, SH3

Question 14

What are the main Motifs?

Answer 14

PP, PY, PPP

Question 15

PP

Answer 15

Phosphorylated inositol phospholipid

Question 16

Paracrine Signaling

Answer 16

form of cell-to-cell communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells

Question 17

Autocrine Signaling

Answer 17

cell signalling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell

Question 18

Endocrine Signaling

Answer 18

Hormones move through the bloodstream

Question 19

How do steroid hormones ender the cell to bind to intracellular receptors?

Answer 19

Diffuse across the Plasma Membrane

Question 20

Agonist

Answer 20

Mimic the function of a hormone by binding a receptor and causing a normal response

Question 21

Antagonists

Answer 21

bind to the receptor but do not induce a normal physiological response

Question 22

How many membrane spanning regions do G-Protein coupled receptors contain?

Answer 22

7

Question 23

What are the 3 “post-amplifie?r” Target proteins

Answer 23

Metabolic enzyme, Gene regulatory protein, cytoskeletal protein

Question 24

What structures allow cell to cell communication to take place?

Answer 24

plasma membrane-attached proteins

Question 25

Endocrine

Answer 25

Hormones moving through the blood stream

Question 26

What are the steps in endocrine signaling?

Answer 26

Hormone is secreted into the blood by the endocrine gland, Hormone travels through the blood stream to the target cells, Hormone interacts with the target cells

Question 27

What is unique about steroid hormone Receptors?

Answer 27

They all have homologous binding domains

Question 28

How do steroid Hormone receptors Interact with DNA?

Answer 28

Through Zinc Fingers

Question 29

What are the 3 major classes of Cell surface Receptors?

Answer 29

Ion-channel-linked receptors, G-protein-linked receptors, Enzyme-linked receptors

Question 30

What are the 8 classes of large signalling proteins?

Answer 30

Relay proteins, Messenger proteins, Adaptor proteins, Amplifier proteins, Transducer proteins, Bifurcation proteins, Integrator proteins, Latent gene regulatory proteins

Question 31

What are five ways desensitizing of target cells can take place?

Answer 31

Receptor sequestration, receptor down-regulation, receptor inactivation, inactivation of signaling protein, production of inhibitory protein

Question 32

What are the 3 subunits of Trimeric G proteins?

Answer 32

alpha, beta, gamma

Question 33

How to Trimeric G proteins work?

Answer 33

when no ligand is bound to the receptor GDP is pound to the complex, when a ligand binds to the receptor GDP is switch out for GTP, The G-alpha-GTP complex separates and interacts with an "effector"

Question 34

What are adaptor proteins?

Answer 34

regulators of G protein signaling (RGS), enhance GTPase activity of the G-alpha-GTP complex and are know as GTPase Activating Proteins (GAPs)

Question 35

Transducer

Answer 35

a device that converts variations in a physical quantity, such as pressure or brightness, into an electrical signal, or vice versa