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FA notes > Signaling pathways > Flashcards

Signaling pathways Flashcards

1
Q

cAMP

A 
FLAT ChAMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
CRH, hCG, ADH (V2 receptor), MSH, PTH
calcintonin
GHRH
 glucagon
PAF
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2
Q

cGMP

A

ANP

NO (EDRF)

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3
Q

IP3

A 
GnRH, GHRG(minor)
Oxytocin
ADH (V1 receptor)
TRH
Histamin (H1)
Angiotensin II
Gastrin
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4
Q

Steroid receptor

A 
Vitamin D
Estrogen
Testosterone
T3/T4
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Progesterone
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5
Q

Instrinsic tyrosine kinase

A 
Insulin
IGF-1
FGF
PDGF
EGF
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6
Q

What pathway do instrinsic tyrosine kinases utilize?

A

MAP kinase pathway

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7
Q

Receptor assoc tyrosine kinases

A

Prolactin
Immunomodulators: cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN
GH

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8
Q

What pathway do receptor assoc tyrposine kinases utilize?

A

JAK/STAT pathway

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9
Q

How does T3 increase CO?

A

binds to B1 receptors on the heart

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10
Q

how does T3/T4 increase BMR?

A

increase Na/K ATPase

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11
Q

What do you see elevated in the urine of a child w adrenal neuroblastoma?

A

HVA: homovanilic acid, a breakdown product of DA

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12
Q

what is the genetic mutation is neuroblastoma and what is the tumor marker>

A

overexpression of N-myc oncogene > rapid tumor progression

  • tumor marker = Bombesin
  • neurofilament stain
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13
Q

people with Hashimotos thyroiditis have an increased risk of what cancer?

A

Non-hodgkins lymphoma

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14
Q

very tender thyroid, increased ESR

A

subacute thyroiditis: self limited hypothyroidism often following a flu like illness
- see granulomatous inflammation on histo

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15
Q

fixed, rock hard and painless goider

A

Reidels thyroiditis: thyroid replaced by fibrous tissue

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16
Q

Jod-Basedow phenomenon- what is it? what can cause it?

A

when someone with iodine deficiecny is given iodine> hyyperthyroidism!
- seen when given contrast radio-iodine or amiodarone

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17
Q

what is the cause of death in thyroid storm?

A

death by arrhythmia

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18
Q

thyroid cancer w empty appearing nuclei, psammoma bodies, whats the cancer and assoc gene?

A
  • Papillary carcnoma

- Ret gene mutation

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19
Q

thyroid cancer that produces calcitonin, sheets of cells in amyloid stroma, what is it and what is gene and associations?

A
  • Medullary carcinoma

- ret gene mutation, assoc with MEN 2A and 2B

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20
Q

When do you see psammoma bodies? 4 instances

A 
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Meningioma
Mesotheliam
(PSMM)
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21
Q

hypocalcemia, shortened 4th/5th digits, short stature

A

Pseudohypoparathyrodism: Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy
- AD kidney unresponsive to PTH

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22
Q

how do you diagnose Acromegaly?

A
  • increase serum IGF-1

- failure to suppress serum GH following oral glucose tolerance test

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23
Q

what inhibits the release of GH?

A

glucose and somatostatin

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24
Q

What are the treatments for Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Hydrochlorothiazide
  • Indomethacin
  • Amiloride
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25
Q

What drugs can casue secondary nephrogenic DI?

A
  • Lithium
  • Demeclocycline
  • Hypercalcemia
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26
Q

What drug can cause SIADH?

A

Cyclophosphamide

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27
Q

Treatment of SIADH?

A
  • Demeclocycline
  • Conivaptan
  • Tolvaptan
28
Q

how do you treat carcinoid syndrome?

A

somatostatin analog = Octreotide

29
Q

what is the inheritance of MEN syndromes?

A

autosomal dominant

30
Q

What amino acids stimulate the release of gastrin?

A
  1. Phenylalanine

2. Tryptophan

31
Q

Why is oral glucose better than IV?

A

because you get the release of GIP with oral glucose which increases insulin

32
Q

Somatostatin/prostaglandins/misoprostol act through what signaling cascade in parietal cells?

A

Gi -> decrease in cAMP

33
Q

what is the most important mechanism in gastric acid release from parietal cells?

A
  • activation of ECL cells by gastrin, causing release of Histamine that stimulate H2 receptors on gastric parietal cells
34
Q

Jejunal ulcers are usually a sign of what?

A

Gastrinoma

35
Q

What is the rate limiting step in carbohydrate digestion?

A

oligosaccharide hydrolases

36
Q

How are glucose and galactose taken up by enterocytes?

A

via SGLT1 (Na dependent)

37
Q

How is fructose taken up by enterocytes?

A

GLUT 5

38
Q

How is trypsinogen activated?

A

via enterokinases and enteropeptidases secreted from duodenal mucosa

39
Q

what is the rate limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis?

A

cholesterol 7alpha hydroxylase

40
Q

how is bilirubin removed?

A
  • from blood by the liver and conjugated with glucuronate (via UDB glucuronosyl transferase)
41
Q

salivary gland tumor- presents as a painless mobile mass composed of cartilage and epithelium and recurs frequently

A

pleomorphic adenoma

42
Q

benign cyst within salivary gland with germinal centers

A

warthins tumor

43
Q

malignant salivary gland tumor- painful mass

A

mucoepidermoid carcinoma

44
Q

lye ingestion can cause what esophageal abnormality?

A

esophageal stricture

45
Q

what can casue pill induced esophagitis?

A

tetracyclines
potassium chloride
bisphosphonates

46
Q

in coffee ground emesis- why is blood brown?

A

oxidation of heme iron

47
Q

what area of the stomach is most likely affected by celiac sprue?

A

distal duoedenum or proximal jejunum

48
Q

which type of stomach cancer is not assoc with h pylori?

A

diffuse

49
Q

which stomach cancer has signet ring cells?

A

diffuse

50
Q

which GI ulcer increases your risk for carcinoma?

A

gastric ulcer! duodenal uclers usually dont

51
Q

omphalomesenteric cyst

A

cystic dilation of vitelline duct

52
Q

what virus is associated with intussusception?

A

adenovirus

53
Q

what is the most common cause of small bowel obstruction?

A

adhesion- a fibrous band of scar tissue

54
Q

inheritance of Peutz jeghers syndrome?

A

autosomal dominant

55
Q

what part of the colon is involved in HNPCC?

A

proximal colon

56
Q

how does CRC presentation differ in ascending vs descending colon?

A

Ascending: exophytic mass, iron deficiency anemia, weight loss
Descending: infiltrating mass, partial obstruction, colicky pain, hematochezia

57
Q

2 molecular pathways that lead to CRC??

A
  1. Microsatellite instability: DNA mismatch repair gene mutation, seen in HNPCC
  2. APC/B catenin, chromosomal instability pathway: APC > K ras > p53
58
Q

decresed ceruloplasmin =

A

wilsons disease!

59
Q

what liver tumor is associated with exposure to arsenic, polyvinyl chloride?

A

angiosarcoma

60
Q

waht liver tumor is common, benign, and can lead to hemorrhage if biopsied?

A

cavernous hemangioma

61
Q

what liver tumor is assoc with OCP use?

A

hepatic adenoma

62
Q

cirrhosis with PAS positive globules in liver

A

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

63
Q

whats the mechanism behind wilsons disease?

A

-defective ATPase that transports copper into bile by hepatocyte for excretion

64
Q

what is the result of hemochromotosis?

A
  1. CHF
  2. Testicular atrophy in males
  3. increased risk for HCC
65
Q

what happens in iron poisoning?

A
  1. Cuases peroxidation of lipid membranes and damages cells by free radicals
    starts: gastric bleeding/hypovolemic shock
    60-70hrs: metabolic acidosis
    2-8wks: scarring of GI tract
66
Q

where does a pancreatic adenocarcinoma usually arise from?

A

the duct

FA notes (11 decks)

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