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Biochemistry > Signal Transduction > Flashcards

Signal Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most highly regulated ion?

A

Ca2+

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2
Q

What are the two co-dependent sources of Ca2+ and what is its function?

A

Blood Ca2+ and Cytosolic Ca2+

Ca2+ homeostasis and 2nd Messenger

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3
Q

Neurotransmitters such as _____ stimulate muscle contraction/

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

Metabolites include ________. It does _____________ to a receptor

A

Glucose, does NOT BIND to a receptor. Rather, it stimulates insulin release from the pancreas.

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5
Q

__________ produces ATP which regulates ____ and ________.

A

Glycolysis, ion channels and insulin release

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6
Q

Hormones such as _______ and ______ regulate________.

A

Glucagon, Insulin

Regulate metabolic homeostasis

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7
Q

Growth Factors include _____.

A

Epidermal Growth Factor

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8
Q

What are the 6 types of Chemical Messengers?

A

Ions
Neurotransmitters
Eicosanoids
Metabolites
Hormones
Growth Factors

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9
Q

Eicosanoids are responsible for _____. Examples include ______.

A

Response to injury

PGs, TXA, Leukotrienes

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10
Q

What chemical messengers regulate glucose? What is their function ?

A

Insulin tells our tissues we have been fed with glucose.

Glucagon and epinephrine signals tell us that we are not fed and glucose is needed.

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11
Q
  1. The ______ puts out glucose when we are not fed.
  2. _____ and _______ tell the ________ to _______.
  3. ________ lowers _______ by stimulating ______ in ______.
A

liver

Glucagon and Epinephrine, liver to release glucose to blood

Insulin, blood glucose, uptake in adipose and muscle cells?

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12
Q

Which cells store glucose?

A

Adipose and Muscle Cells

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13
Q

How do chemical messengers signal changes in the cell?

A

Cells secrete chemical messengers in response to stimulus which bind to specific receptors on target cell which can be on the cell or inside it.

The receptor binding elicits a response which allows the messenger to diffuse or transport through blood.

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14
Q

How do 2nd messengers affect the process of signal changes in cells?

A

The first chemical messenger secreted in response to stimulus binds to a cell SURFACE receptor.

The second messenger is generated in response to the first messenger.

Changes in the 2nd messenger levels lead to changes in protein activity in cell.

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15
Q

In secondary messenger systems, _________ in 2nd messenger _____ is what leads to changes in _______.

This means 2nd messengers are present at ___ levels in cells so that ______ changes can have a big effect.

A

changes, levels

protein activity in cells

low levels, small

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16
Q

What are the three classes of cell surface receptors?

A

Ion Channels
Tyrosine Kinase Receptors
G-Protein Couples Receptors

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17
Q

What are 3 examples of ion channels?

A

Cytosolic Ca2+

Membrane Potential

Insulin Release

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18
Q

What are 3 examples of tyrosine kinase receptors?

A

Insulin
EGF

GH, PRL associated JAK kinases (don’t need to know)

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19
Q

What are 3 examples of G-protein coupled receptors?

A

Epinephrine, Glucagon

cAMP ( IP3/DAG/CA2+)

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20
Q

Cytosolic Ca2+ ________ in Cell

In a resting cell, the Ca2+ level is ______ in the cytosol. Ca2+ channels allow Ca2+ ions to diffuse _________ and through the ________.

This process is controlled by _______ in the ______.

A

Ion Channel

In a resting cell, the Ca2+ level is higher in the cytosol. Ca2+ channels allow Ca2+ ions to diffuse down its electrochemical gradient and through the cell membrane.

Ca2+-atpases in the plasma membrane.

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21
Q

Cytosolic Ca2+ ________ in Cytosol

  1. Cytosolic Ca2+ is normally_______. The plasma membrane potential ( ____) is ______ or _______-.
  2. A more _________ membrane potential or ______- increases ______-.
  3. ________ of the membrane channel causes ______ to open.
  4. ______ channels allow ______ to flow from _________ to the ______.
A
  1. low, Vm
    negative/ polarized
  2. positive , depolarization
    cell activity
  3. Depolarization, Ca2+
  4. Ca2+ , Ca2+ to flow from outside the cell into the cytosol.
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22
Q

While ______ directly regulate cystolic Ca2+, ____ channels indirectly regulate Ca2+ channels by __________.

A

Ca2+

K+, changing Vm (membrane potential)

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23
Q

When K+ channels are open, the membrane potential _____________ because ______. This _________ Ca2+ channels so that less _______ enters the _____. Remember! Membrane potential is normally ______.

When K+ channels are closed, the membrane potential _____________. This _________ Ca2+ channels so that more_______ enters the _____.

A

is polarized because K+ ions are leaving the cell.

Membrane potential is normally negative or polarized.

closes, less Ca2+ enters the cell

is depolarized

opens, more Ca2+ enters the cell

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24
Q

K+ channels can influence ______.

Certain K+ channels called _______ can be influenced BY ______. It couples ______ to ________ in _________.

When ______ in the cell is low, the membrane potential is ________. This means the ________ are _______ so that _________.

When ______ in the cell is high, the membrane potential is ________. This means the ________ are _______ so that _________.

A

ATP Gated Potassium Channels (Katp) can be influced by ATP levels.

It couples high blood glucose to insulin release in pancreatic beta cells.

When ATP in the cell is low, the membrane potential is polarized. Katp channels are open so less Ca2+ enters the cytosol.

When ATP in the cell is high, the membrane potential is depolarized. Katp channels are closed so more Ca2+ enters the cytosol.

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25
Q

Describe insulin release from pancreatic beta cells as regulated by Katp and Cav channels.

A
  1. When blood glucose levels rise, pancreatic beta cells take up glucose through transporters.
  2. Inside the beta cell, glucose is metabolized to produce ATP.
  3. Increased ATP binds to KATP channels, causing them to close and the membrane to depolarize resulting in a less negative membrane potential.

4.Depolarization of the membrane opens voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav).

  1. Calcium ions flow into the cell through the open Cav channels.
  2. Elevated intracellular calcium concentration triggers the fusion of insulin vesicles with the cell membrane, releasing insulin into the bloodstream.
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26
Q

_________ of the membrane potential due to _________ is what triggers the _______ of insulin.

A

Depolarization of the membrane potential due to an increase in ATP from glucose that causes KATP to shut down is what triggers the release of insulin.

27
Q

Glucose enters _______ via ___________ which is a _______.

_______ generated from _____ closes _________.

Reduced _________ causes the membrane to _________. This __________.

Increased ____ stimulates _______ of.

A

B-cells , GLUT2, transporters

ATP, catabolism, KATP

K+ efflux, depolarize. This opens Cav channels

Increased cytosolic Ca2+, the exocytosis of insulin containing vesicles.

28
Q

Ca2+ channels are triggered to open by the ______________ of the membrane potential.

A

depolarization.

29
Q

________ bind GTP/GDP. ______ undergo conformational changes in response to ________.

G proteins are also enzymes called _________ which make the protein _________ because they ______________

What helps release GDP?

A

G-Proteins. G-Proteins, protein-protein interaction.

GTPases make the protein inactive because they hydrolyze GTP to GDP.

Nucleotide Release Factor

30
Q

What are the two families of G-proteins?

A

Heterotrimeric and Small GTPases

31
Q

What are heterotrimeric G-proteins subunit types?

A

Alpha s
Alpha i
Alpha q

32
Q

What are the Small GTPases

A

Ras
Rho
Rab

33
Q

AlphaS is a ________ that is responsible for _______.

A

heterotrimeric G-protein subunit type that is responsible for stimulating adenylate cyclase to increase CAMP

34
Q

AlphaI is a ________ that is responsible for _______.

A

heterotrimeric G-protein subunit type that is responsible for inhibiting adenylate cyclase to decrease CAMP

35
Q

Alphaq is a ________ that is responsible for _______.

A

heterotrimeric G-protein subunit type that stimulates phospholipase C to increase IP3/DAG/CA2+

36
Q

Which heterotrimeric G-protein subunit is also a GTPase.

A

Alpha

37
Q

Heterotrimeric G-proteins are associated with _______.

A

G-protein couples receptors

38
Q

cAMP/ IP3/ DAG and Ca2+ are all ______.

A

G-proteins

39
Q

Ras is a ______ that ___________.

A

Small GTPase, controls cell growth through Serine and threonine protein kinases

40
Q

Rho is a ______ that _______.

A

Small GTPase that reorganizes cytoskeleton through
Serine and threonine protein kinases

41
Q

Rab is a _______ and plays a ______.

A

Small GTPase, plays a role in key secretory and endocytotic pathways.

42
Q

Kinases ______ while phosphatases ________.

A

Add Phosphates, Remove phosphates

43
Q

GPCR and 2nd Messenger systems.

Heterotrimeric G-proteins contains __________ subunits. When ______ bound to _____ the protein is inactive. The activation via ______ causes the ____ to dissociate from the ________. This can cause __________.

The active _____ subunit binds to ____ to change its activity or _______.

AKA; 2nd messengers can regulate cellular activity by regulating ________.

A

3 subunits ( alpha beta gamma)

the alpha subunit is bound to a GDP, the protein is inactive.

When bound to GTP, the alpha subunit dissociates from the beta and gamma subunits.

Alteration in the activity of enzymes and ion channels.

The active alpha subunit binds to target protein and changes its activity to increase or decrease a second messenger.

Protein kinases (GDP to GTP)

44
Q

cAMP 2nd Messenger System

  1. ________ converts ATP to _______.
  2. Ga-GTP targets ________. If its Gas, AC will _________ while Gai will __________ it.
  3. _______ activates _________.
  4. _______ degrades ________ into __________.
A
  1. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into AMP.
  2. Ga-GTP targets AC. activate/ inactivate
  3. cAMP activates Protein Kinase A.
  4. cAMP phosphodiesterase degrades cAMP into AMP
45
Q

What are key features of 2nd Messenger systems?

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Amplification
  3. Augmentation - Different hormones activate the same system
  4. Rapid Signal Termination by enzymes and transporters
46
Q

Specificity

Different _______ interact with different G-proteins. Binding with _______, _____ and ______ all has different effects.

A

GPCRS

Alphas, Alphai,Alphaq subunits of the heterotrimeric G-protein.

47
Q

Gai

A

inhibits AC which decreases cAMP and makes PKA less active

48
Q

Gaq

A

increases IP3/DAG/Ca2+ and Protein Kinase C is activated

49
Q

Gas

A

activates AC which increases cAMP and makes PKA active.

50
Q

Specificity

The _____ receptor can interact with Gas which increases _________ in both _____ and _______.

In the liver, this ______ while in the adipose tissue it _____.

A

Glucagon, cAMP in both liver and adipose tissue.

stimulates pathways to increase glucose output.

stimulates lipolysis to release fatty acids and glycerol

51
Q

Specificity

Epinephrine is a _____ and has receptors in _______.

Where does it bind to and what are the effects

A

stress hormone, many cells

  1. Vascular Smooth Muscle and Heart to increase HR and BP
  2. Liver to increase glucose output
  3. Skeletal muscle to increase ATP production for contraction
52
Q

________ is produced by the ______ and stimulates the ______ to release glucose.

A

Glucagon is produced by the pancreas and stimulates the liver.

When glucose is low in blood, glucagon increases to stimulate release of glucose by liver into blood via gluconeogenesis and glyconeogenesis.

53
Q

Augementation

Both _______ and ____ can both stimulate cAMP in the ____.

A

Glucagon and epinephrine can both stimulate cAMP in the liver

54
Q

__________ is a tyrosine kinase receptor.

A

Insulin Receptor

55
Q
  1. Insulin binding induces ______ of __________ on the receptor and ________.
  2. Activates insulin receptor __________ proceeds to _______ on _________ which
A

phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the receptors and activates its tyrosine kinase

phosphorylate tyrosine residues on insulin receptor substrate which activates a protein kinase cascade.

56
Q

How do insulin pathways regulate cell growth?

A

They stimulate cell growth via a mitogen activity which is stimulated by MAP kinase activity.

57
Q

What is a mitogen?

A

Causes cells to divide

58
Q

What is MAP kinase?

A

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases

59
Q

How do insulin pathways regulate fuel metabolism?

A

Insulin binds to insulin receptors, which initiates a signaling cascade that activates the PI3K/Akt pathway.

This pathway stimulates glucose uptake by increasing GLUT4 trafficking to the cell surface in muscle in adipose tissue and increases synthesis of glycogen,lipid and proteins.

It inhibits the release of glucose from the liver.

60
Q

AKT is a _____ which regulates _______. It _________ and activates ___________ which _______.

A

protein kinase, phosphorylating and activate phosphatase-1. This reverse the effects of PKA on liver glucose output.

Remember PKA increases glucose output from the liver.

61
Q

Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Activate __________.

  1. __ binding stimulates __________ and _______.
  2. Recruitment of ____ and _______ which are _______ activate ________.
  3. _________ binds to ____ which is a _______ and initiates the _____ to _________
A

Ras G-Proteins

  1. EGF binding stimulates receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation
  2. Recruitment of adaptor proteins Grb2 and SoS activate Ras.
  3. Ras-GTP binds to Raf which is a mitogen activating protein kinase and initiates the MAP kinase cascade to stimulate cell growth.
62
Q

Mutations in Ras can _________ GTPase activity thus locking the Ras in a _______ state causing the ________ to be ____.

This increases________ and can cause _______.

A

abolish GTPase activity thus locking Ras in a GTP bound state cause the MAP kinase cascade to always be on.

This increases cell proliferation at a rate independent of the growth factor and can cause cancer.

63
Q

Over-expression of ________ and _______ is associated with Oral Cancer

A

EGFR and Ras

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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