Regulation of Gene Expression - Eukaryotes Flashcards
Gene regulation in prokaryotes is at the __________.
In eukaryotes, gene regulation occurs ________.
Level of initiation of transcription
from initiation of transcription to protein degradation
Regulation is up regulated. True or False?
True
Regulation in Eukaryotes is primarily about _______.
turning genes on rather than repression (off)
In eukaryotes gene expression is regulated at
transcription
RNA processing
mRNA turnover
Translation
Post-translational modification
Protein Turnover
Cell Trafficking
Basically every step!
________ is DNA sequences located near the start site for transcription called the _______. General transcription factors bind to ________ to ______.
The proximal promoter is _____ acting while TF’s are _______.
Proximal Promoter, INR (initiator element), the proximal promoter to aid in recruitment of RNA polymerase.
cis-acting factors , trans-acting factors
Cis-acting factors are _____ DNA while trans-acting factors _____ DNA.
in , bind to
Properties of Enhancer/Silencer DNA sequences (___-acting)
cis-acting
- Short DNA sequences as a double strand (8-16 bp)
- Position Independent - can function long distances upstream and downstream of start site of transcription
- Orientation independent- Sequences are palindromic so can function in both 5’-3’/3’-5’ directions equally.
Transcription initiation rates are mediated by _________ that ___________.
sequence-specific DNA binding proteins (trans) that bind to specific DNA sequences near individual promoters.
NO TF will result in ________. __________ of TF is the most effective way to perform functions like recruit RNA polymerase.
No TF will result in NO transcription.
Dimerization
Transcription factors may need to be modified. True or False?
True
Transcription Factors can be modified by :
- Binding of a ligand to inhibit its activity or activate it
- Binding of phosphorous to initiate activity
- Addition of another protein to activate.
Co-activator and co-repressors are required to __________. They ____________ contact DNA.
DO NOT
required to up or down regulate transcription
Rather they bind to transcription factors or another protein.
Changes in _________ to ________ allows to RNA pol ___ to proceed with transcription.
What are some of these changes?
heterochromatin to euchromatin, II
Acetylation and phosphorylation of histone with recruitment of coactivator complexes and loss of Histone 1.
_______ of _______ regulated transcription by ______________ by affecting chromatin _____ and _______ of _______ to ________.
Acetylation of Histones regulates transcription by affecting chromatin compaction and binding of transacting factors to cis-acting elements.
Methylation of ________ in _____ on ___________ results in __________ because it _______.
specific Cytosine residues in CpG islands (C’s and G’s) results in long-term transcription repression because it disrupts binding of transcription machinery.
