Cell Compartmentation and Metabolic Cooperation Flashcards
Compartments with an irregular shape may have equal _______ to a spherical compartment but will have a greater ______.
volume, surface area
The ______ and ________ make up most of the cell while the ________ makes up the least.
cytosol and mitochondria
perioxosomes
The __________ and _______ make up most of the membrane surfaces in a cell.
Rough ER, Inner mitochondrial membrane
How do you obtain subcellular organelles?
- Homogenize tissue and centrifuge.
- Pellet will contain nuclei and unbroken cells while supernatant fraction contains liquid and suspended cell components. Centrifuge supernatant.
3Pellet will contain mitochondria, lysosomes and perioxosomes. Suspend pellet is SUCROSE DENSITY gradient and centrifuge. Since sucrose gradient concentration increases top to bottom, organelles will be ordered : Lysosomes, Mitochondria and then perioxosomes.
- Centrifuge supernatant from step 3. Pellet will contain fragmented RER and SER that has released to form vesicles. Supernatant will contain cytosol and free ribosomes.
List the order organelles can be released during subcellular organelle extraction.
- Pellet: Nuclei, unbroken cell
- Supernatant
- Pellet has lysosomes, mitochondria and perixosomes organized top to bottom by sucrose density gradients
- Supernatant
- Pellet contains RER and SER that has reformed to form vesicles
- Supernatant has cytosol and free ribosomes
The outer nuclear membrane and inner nuclear membrane are joined at ___________.
nuclear pore complexes
The nucleolus is responsible for ______.
Synthesis of rRNA
The nucleoplasm is responsible for ________ and _____.
DNA replication, synthesis of tRNA and mRNA
_______ and _____ do NOT have nuclei.
RBC and platlets
The RER is continuous with ribosome bound _________ of the ________.
outer membrane, nucleus
The main marker of the ER is __________ ,a _______.
Glucose-6-phosphatase, membrane bound enzyme
Functions of the SER
Synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones
Detox of drugs and poisons
Oxidation of xenobiotics
Functions of the RER
Protein synthesis of secretory proteins, peptide neurotransmitters
N-linked glycosylation
_________ and ___________ are rich in SER.
_____ in sperm contain lots of SER to synthesize and secrete lipid-containing hormones such as ______
Liver hepatocytes and hormone-producing cells of adrenal cortex
Leydig cells, testosterone
Mitochondria have an _________ containing _________. The ______________ membrane is ___________ making it permeable to only _________. It has all complexes of the _____, ____and ________.
The highly curved _______ increases _____.
outer membrane , porins making it permeable to molecules 10kD or less
inner membrane, tightly packed, small molecules
ETC, ATP synthetase complex, transport protines
cristae, surface area
ATP can be synthesized via ____________ which involves several proteins in the in _________.
oxidative phosphorylation , inner mitochondrial membrane
_________ have few mitochondria while ________, _______, _______ cells contain lots as well as ______.
Mature RBC
Liver, Cardiac, Skeletal, Ovum
______ have fewer cristae structures because they do not use a lot of ATP.
Pancreas Cells
What lipid makes up 20% of the inner mitochondrial membrane. In mammals, this resides exclusively in ________.
Cardiolipin
Innermitochondrial membrane
What are the 3 main functions of mitochondria?
Generate chemical energy as ATP
Regulate cell apoptosis
Beta-oxidation
What can reduce mitochondrial efficiency
Production of ROS can cause mitochondrial DNA,lipid and protein damage.
Lysosomes _________. They contain _____ with an optimal. low pH value.
degrade extracellular and intracellular materials.
Hydrolases
Endosomes ___________ . Lysosomes will _______ with endosomes to held degrade material within.
perform endocytosis
combine
The 3 functions of the golgi body are to _________, _______ and ________.
O-linked glycosylation
Protein sortin
Synthesis of glycolipids and sphingomyelins.
The golgi can also add ________ to ________ for trafficking to _____.
Mannose-6-phosphate, proteins
lysosomes
___________ also known as I cell disease is a ________,_____ and _______ caused by a defect in ______________.
Patients cannot add _________ to ______ to make _____________ in the ______.Thus __________ are secreted extracellularly rather than being transported to _______. Patients are unable to break down _________.
Symptoms include :
Mucolipidosis II (ML II)
Genetic,Metabolic, Lysosomal Storage Diseases
N-acetylglucosaminyl-1-phosphotransferase
phosphate to mannose to make mannose-6-phosphate
glycoproteins, lysosomes
mucolipids ( sphingolipid with sialic acid/neuraminic acid)
Coarse facial features, restricted joint movement, hand deformities, developmental delay, heart valve abnormalities, weak muscle tone, abnormality of NS.
Fatal in childhood (often)
Describe the 3 vesicular trafficking proteins of proteins and lipids (_______, _______).
Glycolipids and sphigomyelins
- COP1 : Golgi to golgi; cis-golgi to ER
- COPII: ER to cis-Golgi
- Clathrin: trans Golgi to lysosomes, plasma membrane to endosomes
The cytoskeleton is a organelle in _______- cells that determines _____ and enables cells to _____. It contains __________ made of ________. (x3)
eukaryotic
cell shape, transport vesicles and to migrate
Microfilaments: Actin (7nm)
IF: Proteins (10nm)
Microtubules Tubulin (24 nm)
