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Dental Biochemistry Exam 1 > Signal Transduction > Flashcards

Signal Transduction Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin is the signal that tells our tissues we ________ glucose

A

need to store

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2
Q

glucagon and epinephrine are signals that tells us _______

A

to release more glucose

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3
Q

chemical messengers that bind to cell surface receptors generate a __________ inside the cell

A

2nd messanger

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4
Q

changes in 2nd messenger levels lead to changes in _______ inside the cell

A

protein activity

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5
Q

what are the three classes of cell surface receptors?

A

ion channels, tyrosine kinase receptors, G protein coupled receptors

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6
Q

Cytosolic Ca2+, membrane potential, and insulin release are _______ receptors

A

ion channel

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7
Q

insulin, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are _______ receptors

A

tyrosine kinase

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8
Q

epinephrine, glucagon and cAMP are ________ receptors

A

G-protein coupled

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9
Q

cytosolic Ca2+ is a key ____ messenger

A

2nd

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10
Q

Ca2+ channels allow Ca2+ ions to diffuse through the _________, down its electrochemical gradient

A

cell membrane

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11
Q

Ca2+ channels directly regulate levels of ________

A

ca2+ in the cytosol

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12
Q
  1. cytosolic Ca2+ is ____ in a cytosol at rest, and the plasma membrane potential (Vm) is _______ inside (polarized)
A

LOW, negative

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13
Q
  1. a more______ membrane potential inside (depolarized) increases cell activity
A

positive

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14
Q
  1. depolarization of the membrane potential causes voltage gated Ca2+ channels to _______
A

open

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15
Q
  1. when Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane are open, Ca2+ flows from outside the cell into the _____
A

cytosol

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16
Q

potassium channels indirectly regulate _______ by changing the membrane potential, Vm

A

cytosolic Ca2+

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17
Q

When the potassium channels are open, membrane potential is _____, causing Ca channel to ______ and less Ca2+ enters cytosol

A

polarized, close

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18
Q

When the potassium channels are closed, membrane potential is _____, causing Ca channel to ______ and more Ca2+ enters cytosol

A

depolarized, open

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19
Q

ATP gated potassium channels couple high blood glucose to _____ release in pancreatic beta cells

A

insulin

20
Q

Katp channels are open when ATP in the cell is _______ (polarized, less Ca2+ enters the cytosol)

A

LOW

21
Q

Katp channels are closed when ATP in the cell is______ (depolarized, more Ca2+ enters cytosol)

A

HIGH

22
Q

ion channels couple glucose catabolism and ATP to insulin release from _____

A

pancreatic beta cells

23
Q

G proteins with GTP bound are _______ and interact with target proteins

A

active

24
Q

G proteins are also _____ (GTPase), that hydrolyze GTP to GDP

A

enzymes

25
Q

G proteins with GDP bound are _______

A

inactive

26
Q

nucleotide exchange factor helps release ____

A

GDP

27
Q

GTPase makes the G protein ______

A

inactive

28
Q

The small GTPase, Ras, regulates cell growth through _______ and ______ protein kinases

A

serine, threonine

29
Q

heterotrimeric G proteins (alpha, beta, gamma) couple G-protein coupled receptors to _________systems

A

2nd messenger

30
Q

the alpha part of the g protein is a GTPase where its inactive with _______ and active with _____

A

GDP, GTP

31
Q

When the alpha g protein is active it alters the activities of _______ and _____

A

enzymes, ion channels

32
Q

Adenylyl cyclase (AC) converts ATP into _______

A

cAMP

32
Q

cAMP is a ______ messenger

A

2nd

33
Q

G-alpha-s-GTP activates

A

Adenylyl cyclase (AC)

34
Q

G-alpha-i-GTP inhibites

A

G-alpha-s-GTP

35
Q

G-alpha-s ______ adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP, protein kinase A is _______

A

stimulates, activated

36
Q

G-alpha-i ______ adenylate cyclase, decreases cAMP, protein kinase A is _______

A

inhibits, less active

37
Q

G-alpha-q ________ phospholipase c, ______ IP3, DAG, and Ca2+, protein kinase C is ______

A

stimulates, increases, activated

38
Q

the glucagon receptor interacts with G-alpha-s which, when _______, stimulates adenylate cyclase and an _______ in cAMP

A

active, increase

39
Q

epinephrine is the _______ hormone

A

acute stress

40
Q

insulin signaling pathways regulate _______ and _______

A

fuel metabolism, cell growth

41
Q

the insulin signaling pathway stimulates cell growth through _______

A

MAP kinase

42
Q

Insulin signaling pathways fuel metabolism through 1. increasing ________trafficking to the cell surface, 2. ________ of glycogen, lipid and protein, and 3. ________ glucose release from the liver

A

GLUT4 , increase synthesis, suppress

43
Q

growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases activate ______ G-proteins

A

Ras

44
Q

Epidermal derived growth factor (EGFR) and Ras are associated with ______

A

oral cancer

Dental Biochemistry Exam 1 (10 decks)

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