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Dental Biochemistry Exam 1 > RNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

RNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

RNA is a linear polymer of ______ different types of nucleotide subunits linked by _______

A

four, phosphodiester bonds

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2
Q

transcription requires the activity of ________ in order to copy the DNA sequence into RNA

A

RNA polymerase

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3
Q

eukaryotes have ______ RNA polymerases that all have the same mechanism of action but recognize different types of _______

A

three, promoters

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4
Q

RNA polymerase I transcribes ______ RNA and accounts for the _____% of total RNA

A

ribosomal, 75

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5
Q

RNA polymerase II transcribes DNA into ______ for the use of protein synthesis, accounts for ___% of the total RNA

A

messenger RNA, 10

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6
Q

RNA polymerase III is used to transcribe _______, accounts for ____% of total RNA

A

tRNA, 15

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7
Q

during transcription RNA polymerase copies a DNA template in the _______ direction and synthesizes a RNA molecule in the _______ direction

A

3’ to 5’, 5’ to 3’

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8
Q

a primer is ________ for the synthesis of new chains during transcription

A

not required

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9
Q

during transcription, a phosphodiester bond forms between the ________ of the ribose and the _______ where pyrophosphate is then cleaved and released as two ______

A

3’ hydroxyl, nucleotide, phosphate groups

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10
Q

RNA polymerase is ane enzyme that synthesizes RNA from DNA in the ________ direction

A

5’ to 3’

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11
Q

RNA polymerase uses _______ as a substrate

A

ribonucleoside triphosphate

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12
Q

RNA polymerase requires a ______ template

A

DNA

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13
Q

the RNA sequence of a newly synthesized strand is the same as the _____ sequence of DNA besides having U for T

A

coding

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14
Q

RNA polymerase uses ______ to recognize specific genes

A

a promoter

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15
Q

the promoter is an asymmetrical DNA sequence that determines where ________

A

transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins

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16
Q

cell type specific transcription factors recruit ________ to specific genes

A

RNA polymerase

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17
Q

transcription factors are proteins that bind ______ and recruit RNA polymerase

A

promoter regions

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18
Q

during the initiation step of RNA synthesis the transcription factor recognizes the _______ and guides RNA polymerase

A

promoter

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19
Q

during the elongation step of RNA synthesis RNA polymerase escapes the promoter and _______ is released

A

transcription factor

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20
Q

During the termination step of RNA synthesis RNA polymerase dissociates from DNA once it encounters a ______ sequence

A

stop

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21
Q

the product made by RNA polymerase II contains _____ and ______

A

exons, introns

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22
Q

exons are regions that are _______ and code for ______

A

expressed, proteins

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23
Q

introns are regions that are _______ and do not code for _______

A

not expressed, proteins

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24
Q

During RNA processing, the first step begins with a 7-methyl guanosine cap adding to the ______

A

5’ end

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25
Q

the capping process of RNA, protects the transcript from _______ and is important for _______

A

degradation, translation

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26
Q

During RNA processing, the second step is the addition of a poly A tail to the _____

A

3’ end

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27
Q

the polyadenylation (poly A tail) signal marks the transcription _______ in eukaryotes

A

termination

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28
Q

the poly A tail prevents RNA ________ and allows transcript to localize to the _______

A

degradation, cytoplasm

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29
Q

during RNA processing, RNA splicing is the process in which _______ are removed from the pre-mRNA and ______ are spliced together

A

introns, exons

30
Q

alternative splicing is the process in which the same pre-mRNA can make different mRNA transcripts using different ______

A

exon locations

31
Q

rRNA and a protein make up ______ which are protein synthesis factories

A

ribosomes

32
Q

segments of rRNA are transported to the ______ to eventually become the large and small subunits of the ribosome

A

cytoplasm

33
Q

tRNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase III in the ______ and then transported into the ______

A

nucleus, cytoplasm

34
Q

tRNA molecules are adaptors that carry the _______ to the ribosome where they are assembled into proteins

A

proper amino acid

35
Q

the anticodon region on tRNA is _______ to the mRNA that is being read

A

complementary

36
Q

a tRNA with the correct amino acid attached to the 3’ end is said to be ______

A

charged

37
Q

in prokaryotes, RNA is produced as a single, long transcript that is cleaved to
produce the _____, ______ and ____ ribosomal RNAs.

A

16S, 23S, 5S

38
Q

in prokaryotes, ______ is also cleaved from a larger transcript

A

tRNA

39
Q

in prokaryotes, _______, one of the cleavage enzymes, is a protein containing an RNA molecule. This
RNA actually catalyzes the cleavage reaction

A

RNaseP

40
Q

translation is the process of reading the information in the ______ and translate
into _______ during protein synthesis

A

mRNA, amino acids

41
Q

during translation the mRNA s read in the ________ direction

A

5’ → 3’

42
Q

during translation, the ribosome scans the mRNA until the _________ is identified and is translated until a _____ is encountered

A

start codon (AUG), stop codon (UAG, UGA, UAA)

43
Q

the open reading frame is the portion of RNA that is translated and
spans from the _______ to the ______

A

start codon, stop codon

44
Q

The five steps of protein synthesis include
1) Attachment of amino acids to ______
2) Initiation of protein ______
3) Elongation of the ______
4) Termination and release of ______
5) Folding and processing of ______

A

tRNAs, synthesis, polypeptide, protein, protein

45
Q

there are 20 aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, one for
each ________, each recognizes a particular _______ and ALL the _______ that carry that amino acid

A

amino acid, amino acid, tRNAs

46
Q

aminoacyl tRNA synthetases recognizes tRNA by specific
sequences of ______ on the tRNA

A

nucleotides

47
Q

the synthetase catalyzes the formation of ______
that links the correct amino acid to the correct tRNA

A

ester bond

48
Q

synthetase ensures that tRNA is correctly ______

A

charge

49
Q

during the initiation of protein synthesis
1) the small subunit of the ribosome binds to the _______
2) the 5’ cap on mRNA guides ribosomes alignment with ______
3) the ______ site (AUG-methionine codon) for translation is identified
4) a ______ tRNA is base paired to its codon
5) the large ribosomal subunit aligns itself to the tRNA molecule at the _____ site and forms a
complex with the small subunit

A

mRNA, mRNA, start, methionine, P

50
Q

the first step of elongation of a polypeptide starts with amino acyl-tRNA binding in
the _____ site, governed by codon-anticodon
base pairing

A

A

51
Q

the second step of elongation of a polypeptide begins when a peptide bond is formed between the amino acid bound
to the tRNA held in the _____ site of the ribosome and the amino acid bound to
the tRNA held in the ____ site of the ribosome.

A

“P” , “A”

52
Q

Peptidyl transferase is a
catalytic RNA component of the ribosome during elongation of a polypeptide which carries out the formation of
the _______

A

peptide bond

53
Q

the third step of elongation of a polypeptide starts once the amino acids in the P and A sites are joined, the ribosome translocates, moving the growing
peptide chain to the _____ site and allowing the next charged tRNA to align with the mRNA in the _____ site of the ribosome.

A

P, A

54
Q

during the termination and release stage of protein synthesis, elongation continues until ribosome encounters one of 3 _____
codons in the mRNA causing polypeptide synthesis to stop (release factors bind to ribosome)

A

stop

55
Q

Many ribosomes can simultaneously translate a single mRNA, forming a complex called ______

A

polyribosome

56
Q

In eukaryotes, protein synthesis occurs in the ______

A

cytoplasm

57
Q

in bacteria, protein synthesis occurs at the bacterial _______.

A

chromosome

58
Q

antibiotics work by disrupting bacterial ______ or _______

A

transcription, translation

59
Q

Rifampicin, used to treat Tuberculosis, binds bacterial RNA Polymerase to inhibit _______

A

transcription

60
Q

tetracyclines, used to treat Lyme disease, bind the ________, to block the binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome

A

30S ribosomal subunit

61
Q

The linear array of
amino acids in a newly
synthesized peptide must
be folded into a functional
protein where the ______ will determine the way a protein will fold
into a 3D structure

A

amino acids

62
Q

the signal sequences are short amino acid sequences (15-20 a.a.) at the amino terminus of newly
synthesized ______, that direct protein to its proper cellular location and its two main features are ______ and ______ conformation

A

polypeptides, hydrophobicity, alpha helical

63
Q

The signal sequence is removed during ______ or when it reaches its ______

A

transport, cellular location

64
Q

Proteins are modified by formation of ______ bonds and/or by _______ or
modification of existing carbohydrate chains

A

disulfide, glycosylation

65
Q

Proteins are sorted into ______ or transport vesicles which bud off from the trans face of the Golgi

A

secretory

66
Q

Unfolded/misfolded proteins can aggregate and do not travel to the
_____ for further processing

A

golgi

67
Q

Proteins that do not fold correctly in the RER can cause a problem (a traffic
jam) and leads to _______

A

endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) stress

68
Q

protein misfolding diseases include conditions where a protein _____ to fold correctly, is not stable enough to perform its ______ function, fails to be correctly _____, or forms insoluble aggregates that deposit _____

A

fails, normal, trafficked, toxically

69
Q

proteins are eliminated by _________ OR _________ pathways

A

ubiquitin proteasome systems, autophagy/lysosome

70
Q

Ubiquitin is a small protein (76 aa) that mark proteins to be ______ by
proteases contained within structures called _______

A

degraded, proteasomes

71
Q

The Ubiquitin Proteasome system requires ubiquitin activating enzyme ____, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme ____ and ubiquitin protein ligase _____

A

(E1), (E2), (E3)

72
Q

Bortezomib is a proteasome ______
which inhibits inflammatory
NFKB pathway by
preventing degradation
of ______ protein in periodontal disease

A

inhibitor, repressor

Dental Biochemistry Exam 1 (10 decks)

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