Regulation of Gene Expression

Question 1

Transcription is initiated
in eukaryotic cells by the
binding of general
_______ to
the proximal
promoter (close to
transcriptional start site)
that aid in the recruitment
of ______

Answer 1

transcription factors, RNA polymerase

Question 2

Proximal promoter is DNA
sequences located near the
_____ site of transcription

Answer 2

start

Question 3

general transcription
factors or _______ bind to the promoter sequences or _________ DNA
sequences.

Answer 3

(trans-acting
factors), (cis-acting factors)

Question 4

cis-acting DNA sequences can be either _____ or _____ DNA sequences

Answer 4

enhancers, silencer

Question 5

cis acting factors are position independent meaning they can function long distances ______ and _____ of
start site of transcription

Answer 5

upstream, downstream

Question 6

cis acting factors are orientation independent meaning the sequences are often ______ and can function in both 5’ to 3’ direction and 3’ to 5’ direction

Answer 6

palindromic

Question 7

a main property of enhancer/silencer DNA sequences (cis-acting DNA sequences) are that they are short DNA sequences (~8 to ~16 bp in length) that function as a ______

Answer 7

double strand

Question 8

modulation of transcription initiation rates are mediated by sequence specific _______ that bind to specific DNA sequences near individual ______

Answer 8

DNA binding proteins, promoters

Question 9

______ transcription factors are needed to bind to the gene in order to have an accurate amount of ______

Answer 9

multiple, gene regulation

Question 10

transacting factors have 4 functional domains which include the ______ domain, ______ domain, ______ domain, and ______ domain

Answer 10

transactivation, DNA binding, ligand binding, dimerization

Question 11

regulation of transcription is caused by regulating the transcription factors ______ and ______ on the gene and the gene regulatory proteins ate regulated in multiple ways depending on the protein

Answer 11

expression, activity

Question 12

Co-activators and co-repressors that do not contact DNA but rather interact with _____ that are critical for control of transcription

Answer 12

transcription factors

Question 13

Some co-activators and co-repressors make direct
contact with the ______ associated with the basal
promoter to regulate initiation of transcription.

Answer 13

general transcription factors

Question 14

some co-activators and co-repressor make direct contact with the ________ associated with the basal promoter to regulate initiation of
transcription.

Answer 14

general transcription
factors

Question 15

Dynamic structural changes
to the eukaryotic chromatin is needed for transcriptional regulation of genes because chromatin that is condensed (heterochromatin) is less accessible to ______

Answer 15

RNA polymerase II

Question 16

chromatin remodeling of euchromatin requires the ______ and _______ of histone which causes the loss of ______ and the recruitment of co-activators complexes are also required in order to be ready for transcription

Answer 16

acetylation, phosphorylation, histone 1

Question 17

______ of histones (relaxed chromatin) regulates transcription by affecting chromatin compaction and binding of
trans-activating factors to cis-regulatory elements

Answer 17

Acetylation

Question 18

DNA methylation is the modification of DNA in which methyl groups are added to specific ______ residues in CpG islands
results in ______ of gene transcription

Answer 18

cytosine, long-term repression

Question 19

DNA methylation disrupts ______ of the transcription machinery

Answer 19

binding

Question 20

Hypermethylation means that the genes are transcriptionally ____ and disrupts the binding of transcription machinery

Answer 20

inactive

Question 21

Hypomethylation means that the genes are transcriptionally ____

Answer 21

active

Question 22

DNA methylation is an important mechanism in ____ control of gene expression

Answer 22

epigenetic

Question 23

the 4 main points of regulation of gene expression also dictate ______ aka the proteome

Answer 23

protein composition

Question 24

the 4 points of regulation for the protein include
transcription; initiated by RNA polymerase post-transcription: _______, 3’ end cleavage, RNA editing, and __________
translation: initiation of translation
post-translation: _________, protein targeting, and ________

Answer 24

alternative splicing, mRNA degradation, modification of proteins, protein degradation

Question 25

Alternative mRNA Splicing is a major mechanism to increase the _____ of proteins produced due to it being able to affect _____ of the mRNA molecule

Answer 25

diversity, any part

Question 26

specific translational control regulates a subset of mRNAS and is mediated by _______ or long _______ that recognize particular elements present in 5’ untranslated regions of the mRNA

Answer 26

regulatory protein complexes, coding RNAs

Question 27

global translational control controls acts on general ______ and regulates the translation of most _____

Answer 27

initiation factors, RNA

Question 28

Global control of translation initiation example includes the _____ of the eIF2-eIF2alpha complex causing it to be inactive and block translation

Answer 28

phosphorylation

Question 29

4E-BP blocks translation by binding to eIF4G, when 4E-BP is ________ translation is _____

Answer 29

hypophosphorylated, active

Question 30

lncRNAs anneal to the mRNA and prevent reading which in turn ______

Answer 30

stops translation

Question 31

IRE-BP controls iron homeostasis by regulating
translation of _______ heavy and light chain mRNA, which encode the subunits of the the iron storage protein. If iron is low, IRE-BP binds and blocks the recruitment for making more _____

Answer 31

ferritin, ferritin

Question 32

miRNAs are synthesized as a
larger _________ where a short single-stranded molecule of ~22
bases is retained as part of the
RISC complex. The miRNA
guides the RISC complex to
the target mRNA molecule
based on _______

Answer 32

precursor molecules, base pairing

Question 33

If the RNA-RNA match of mRNA to miRNA is ______, the target mRNA is cleaved and rapidly
degraded

Answer 33

extensive

Question 34

if the RNA-RNA match is _____ (no more than 7-nucleotides near the 5’ end of the miRNA), translation is inhibited, mRNA destabilized and the mRNA is transferred to P-bodies where it is degraded

Answer 34

limited

Question 35

post-translational modifications are ______

Answer 35

reversible

Question 36

Post-translational modifications regulate
_______ and level by altering
confirmation and/or setting up new protein
interactions that mediate ______

Answer 36

protein function, fate

Question 37

Two major routes for degradation are known:
1. Degradation in ______
2. Degradation in a specific proteasome complex, signaled by ______ of the protein to be degraded

Answer 37

lysosomes, ubiquitination

Question 38

vesicles containing proteins tagged for destruction fuse with ______

Answer 38

lysosomes

Question 39

Lining of inner cellular surface of the lysosome is made up of _______ and this
limits lysosomal enzymes to attack
itself

Answer 39

sugar molecules

Question 40

misfolded proteins are sorted to _____ for their degradation

Answer 40

lysosomes

Question 41

aggregates produced in Parkinson’s disease disrupt _______

Answer 41

lysosomal function