Sign and symptoms of respiratory disease Flashcards
what are the Main Respiratory Symptoms
Dyspnea Wheeze Cough Sputum Hemoptysis Chest Pain
what are different kinds of dyspnea
gradual & progressive episodic diurnal variability orthopnea paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
what is wheezing
- whistling or sighing noise on expiration
- air passing through a narrow tube & indicating airway obstruction
what is coughing
- Protective Mechanism that clears the lungs, bronchi or trachea of irritants
- dry or associated with mucous production
what stimulate irritant receptors
- inflammation
- infectious agents
- excessive secretion
- noxious gas
- hot/cold air
- mechanicall stimulation
what are the common cause of noproductive cause
Irritation of the airways
Inflammation of the airways
Mucous accumulation
Tumors
how to evulate productive cough
strength --> strong or weak Frequency pitch loudness Sputum or not -->color -->odor -->amount -->consistency
what is hemoptysis
coughing up of blood
What investigation is required for hemotypsis?
CXR bronchoscopy CT sputum cytology microbiology
What is chest pain
- most common complaint among pt with cardiopulmonary problem
2 types
- pleuritic
- non-pleuritic
What is the cut point of fever
more than 98.6 F or 37C
What is increased body tempearture associated with
pneumonia
lung abscess
TB
fungal disease
What is the general apperance of a person with respiratory disease / condition
Use of accessory muscles pursed-lip breathing substernal & intercostal retractions splinting decreased chest expansion abnormal skin colour presence of edema distension clubbing
features of digitial clubbing
population
- patients with chronic respiratory disorders
appearance
- bulbous swelling of the terminal phalanges of the finger and toes
features of cyanosis
population
- patient with severe respiratory disorder
color
- blue-grey or purplish discoloration of the mucous membranes, fingertips, or toes
- these areas contains at least 5g/dL of reduced hemoglobin
feature of acrocyanosis
caused by vasoconstriction by cold and becomes hypoxic
feature of central cyanosis
mucous membranes of lips and mouth is almost always a sign of hypoxemia
what is lethargy
- drowsy
- partially awakens to stimulation
- follow commands
- do things slowly
what is obtundation
- difficult to arouse
- needs constant stimulation to follow a command
- drift back to sleep between stimulation
what is stupor
- only arouse to constant and vigorous stimulation
- pain stimulation is needed
- response is an attempt to withdrawal from painful stimulation
what is coma
- doesn’t respond to continuous or painful stimulation
- no verbal sounds or movement
what causes Pulsus Paradoxus
- aka paradoxical pulse, occurs in asthma exacerbation
- Change in BP with respiration with intrapleural swings
- ↓ Blood pressure during inspiration
- ↑ Blood pressure during expiration
what is Pulsus Alternans
- alternation of strong and weak beats of the arterial pulse
- cause by alternate strong and weak ventricular contractions
- failing ventricle
what causes oxygen failure
- hypoxemia
2. shunt (normal perfusion, low to no ventilation)
what causes ventilatory failure
- neurological
- ->depression of respiratory center - obstruction to exhalation
- failure to clear increase level of co2
what is the result of chronic hypoxemia
Vitals
- increase RR
- increase MV,
- decrease PACO2
- increase WOB
Complication
pulmonary hypertension
what complication can pulmonary hypertension cause?
cor pulmonale
What can cor pulmonale lead to
- HR & contraction to compensate
- increase workload
- increase ischemia/infarction
- JVD
- hepatomegaly
- pedal edema
What is the deal with ventilatory failure
- when respiratory disease worsens , WOB increase to a point where O2 consumption is more than the gained O2
- lead to decrease alveolar ventilation and hypercarbia
what are the changes in vitals and physiology and hypercarbia
- increase paco2, decrease ph
- lead to narcotic effect (look flush and disoriented)
- -> cerebral, peripheral blood vasodilation
- ->pulmonary vasoconstriction
what is the clinical features of O2 failure
- increase HR, BP, RR
- decrease Pao2, Sao2, Cao2
- chronic hypoxemia can lead to polycythemia
what is the clinical features of ventilatory failure
- due to increase CO2
- ->headache, decrease alertness, flush
How to tell of ventilatory failure is caused by drug OD
impede central drive
inability to protect airway
pupil size alteration
treatment of o2 failure?
supplemental O2 administration
intubation and mechanical ventilation
Chemical paralysis to decrease O2 consumption
may use NIPPV if appropriate
treatment of ventilatory failure
intubation and mechanical ventilation
may use NIPPV if appropriate
respiratory stimulants
