lung cancer

Question 1

what are the 2 main types of cancer

Answer 1

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)
–>worst to have

Non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC)

Question 2

What is includedin SCLC?

Answer 2

Small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer)

combined small cell carcinoma

OR mixed small cell & non-small cell carcioma

Question 3

what is included in NON-SCLC

Answer 3

squamous cell
adenocarcinoma
large cell carcinoma

Question 4

def of cancer

Answer 4

abnormal new tissue growth characterized by the progressive, uncontrolled multiplication of cells

Question 5

what does abnormal growth of new cells called

Answer 5

neoplasm or tumor

Question 6

how is tumor classified

Answer 6

localized or invasive,

benign or malignant.

Question 7

what is benign tumors

Answer 7

do not endanger life unless they interfere with the normal functions of other organs or affect a vital organ

Question 8

what is malignant tumor

Answer 8

grow in a disorganized manner and so rapidly that nutrition of the cells becomes a problem.

Question 9

what is metastsis

Answer 9

when malignant tumor invade its surrounding

Question 10

what does malignant origin in the lung

Answer 10

in the mucosa of the tracheobronchial tree

aka bronchogenic carcinoma

Question 11

what is the most common cause of lung cancer

Answer 11

cigarette smoking

Question 12

can secondhand smoke cause cancer

Answer 12

Passive, or secondhand, smoking is associated with as much as a 30% increase in the risk of cancer

Question 13

what is the pathophysiology of lung cancer

Answer 13

exposure to cacinogen damage genetic material of lung cell

+
genetic predisposition

Question 14

which cancer has the strongest correlation with smoking

Answer 14

Small-cell lung cancer

Question 15

what are the Anatomic Alterations of the Lungs

Answer 15

Inflammation, swelling, and destruction of the bronchial airways and alveoli
•Excessive mucus production
•Tracheobronchial mucus accumulation and plugging
•Airway obstruction
–Blood
–Mucus accumulation
–Tumor projecting into a bronchus
• Atelectasis
•Alveolar consolidation
•Cavity formation
•Pleural effusion

Question 16

what device is used to diagnosis cancer

Answer 16

C-XRAY
CT
MRI
PET
Biopsy
bronchoscopy
mediastinoscopy
transbronchial needle biopsy

Question 17

what is the purpose of staging

Answer 17

process of classifying information about cancer

Question 18

what information is obtained from staging

Answer 18

–Cancer type
–Size of the tumor
–Level of lymph node involvement
–The extent to which the cancer has spread

Question 19

what system is used for staging for non–small-cell cancer.

Answer 19

TNM classification

Roman numerals

Question 20

how to classify with TNM

Answer 20

–T represents the extent of the primary tumor
–N denotes the lymph node involvement
–M indicates the extent of metastasis

Question 21

how to classify with Roman numerals

Answer 21

–0 being the least advanced

–IV being the most advanced

Question 22

how to classify Small-cell cancer

Answer 22

Limited: cancer confined to only one lung and to its neighboring lymph nodes

Extensive: cancer has spread beyond one lung and nearby lymph nodes. It may have invaded both lungs (pass the main bronchus), more remote lymph nodes, or other organs

Question 23

what are some Radiologic Findings of small cell cancer

Answer 23

• Small oval or coin lesion (tumor or granuloma)
• Large irregular mass
• Alveolar consolidation
• Atelectasis
• Pleural effusion (pus, blood, chyle)
• Involvement of the mediastinum or diaphragm

Question 24

what are the clinical manifestation

Answer 24

occurs in 2 phases

1. asymptomatic phase
2. symptomatic phase (+weight loss)

Question 25

what are some Non-Respiratory Clinical Manifestations

Answer 25

•Weight Loss
•Hoarseness
•Difficulty in swallowing
•Superior vena cava syndrome
•SVC obstruction
•Weakness
–Distention of the neck veins
–Neck and facial edema
•Electrolyte abnormalities

Question 26

what is the management for Small-cell lung cancer

Answer 26

Chemotherapy
-the use of chemical agents or drugs that are selectively destructive to malignant cancer cells.

Radiation therapy
- uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumor

Question 27

what is the surgery done for small cell lung cancer

Answer 27

• Wedge resection (partial removal of a lung lobe)
• Segmentectomy (removal of lung segment or segments of the lung)

•Lobectomy (removal of one lung lobe)
Bi-lobectomy (removal of two lung lobes)

•Pneumonectomy (removal of whole right or left lung)

Question 28

what does comfort or palliative care mean

Answer 28

means treating the symptoms of the cancer rather than the cancer itself.

Question 29

what is the management for NSCLC stage 1 and 2

Answer 29

Surgery

Question 30

what is the management for NSCLC stage 3

Answer 30

not good candidate for surgery

benefit from both radiation and chemotherapy

Question 31

what is the management for NSCLC stage 4

Answer 31

Chemotherapy alone

comfort care