lung cancer Flashcards
what are the 2 main types of cancer
Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC)
–>worst to have
Non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC)
What is includedin SCLC?
Small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer)
combined small cell carcinoma
OR mixed small cell & non-small cell carcioma
what is included in NON-SCLC
squamous cell
adenocarcinoma
large cell carcinoma
def of cancer
abnormal new tissue growth characterized by the progressive, uncontrolled multiplication of cells
what does abnormal growth of new cells called
neoplasm or tumor
how is tumor classified
localized or invasive,
benign or malignant.
what is benign tumors
do not endanger life unless they interfere with the normal functions of other organs or affect a vital organ
what is malignant tumor
grow in a disorganized manner and so rapidly that nutrition of the cells becomes a problem.
what is metastsis
when malignant tumor invade its surrounding
what does malignant origin in the lung
in the mucosa of the tracheobronchial tree
aka bronchogenic carcinoma
what is the most common cause of lung cancer
cigarette smoking
can secondhand smoke cause cancer
Passive, or secondhand, smoking is associated with as much as a 30% increase in the risk of cancer
what is the pathophysiology of lung cancer
exposure to cacinogen damage genetic material of lung cell
+
genetic predisposition
which cancer has the strongest correlation with smoking
Small-cell lung cancer
what are the Anatomic Alterations of the Lungs
Inflammation, swelling, and destruction of the bronchial airways and alveoli •Excessive mucus production •Tracheobronchial mucus accumulation and plugging •Airway obstruction –Blood –Mucus accumulation –Tumor projecting into a bronchus • Atelectasis •Alveolar consolidation •Cavity formation •Pleural effusion
what device is used to diagnosis cancer
C-XRAY CT MRI PET Biopsy bronchoscopy mediastinoscopy transbronchial needle biopsy
what is the purpose of staging
process of classifying information about cancer
what information is obtained from staging
–Cancer type
–Size of the tumor
–Level of lymph node involvement
–The extent to which the cancer has spread
what system is used for staging for non–small-cell cancer.
TNM classification
Roman numerals
how to classify with TNM
–T represents the extent of the primary tumor
–N denotes the lymph node involvement
–M indicates the extent of metastasis
how to classify with Roman numerals
–0 being the least advanced
–IV being the most advanced
how to classify Small-cell cancer
Limited: cancer confined to only one lung and to its neighboring lymph nodes
Extensive: cancer has spread beyond one lung and nearby lymph nodes. It may have invaded both lungs (pass the main bronchus), more remote lymph nodes, or other organs
what are some Radiologic Findings of small cell cancer
- Small oval or coin lesion (tumor or granuloma)
- Large irregular mass
- Alveolar consolidation
- Atelectasis
- Pleural effusion (pus, blood, chyle)
- Involvement of the mediastinum or diaphragm
what are the clinical manifestation
occurs in 2 phases
- asymptomatic phase
- symptomatic phase (+weight loss)
what are some Non-Respiratory Clinical Manifestations
•Weight Loss •Hoarseness •Difficulty in swallowing •Superior vena cava syndrome •SVC obstruction •Weakness –Distention of the neck veins –Neck and facial edema •Electrolyte abnormalities
what is the management for Small-cell lung cancer
Chemotherapy
-the use of chemical agents or drugs that are selectively destructive to malignant cancer cells.
Radiation therapy
- uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumor
what is the surgery done for small cell lung cancer
- Wedge resection (partial removal of a lung lobe)
- Segmentectomy (removal of lung segment or segments of the lung)
•Lobectomy (removal of one lung lobe)
Bi-lobectomy (removal of two lung lobes)
•Pneumonectomy (removal of whole right or left lung)
what does comfort or palliative care mean
means treating the symptoms of the cancer rather than the cancer itself.
what is the management for NSCLC stage 1 and 2
Surgery
what is the management for NSCLC stage 3
not good candidate for surgery
benefit from both radiation and chemotherapy
what is the management for NSCLC stage 4
Chemotherapy alone
comfort care
