Pharmacological principles

Question 1

What are the 3 Pharmacological Principles

Answer 1

Pharmaceutical phase
- break down and dissolution of pill/capsule

Pharmacokinetics
- what the body does to the drug

Pharmacodynamics

• • what the drug does to the body
• The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues

Question 2

Drug nomenclature

Answer 2

Chemical name
- drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure

Generic name(nonproprietary name)
-given by Health Canada under the Food and Drugs Act and Food and Drug Regulations

Trade name(proprietary name)
-drug has a registered trademark; use of the name restricted by the drug’s patent owner

Question 3

the 4 phases of Pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

–Absorption
–Distribution
–Metabolism
–Excretion

Question 4

Factors That Affect Absorption

Answer 4

• Administration route of the drug
• Food or fluids administered with the drug
• Dosage formulation
• Status of the absorptive surface

Question 5

how does routes of adminstration affect absorption

Answer 5

• affects rate and extent of absorption

Question 6

What are the routes

Answer 6

Enteral (passing the intestine)
–> GI tract – oral, sublingual, rectal

Parenteral (places other than the intestine)
–>IV, IM, subcutaneous

Topical (applied on or in at a particular place in the body)
–>skin, nose, lungs, eyes, ears

Question 7

mechanism of First-Pass Effect

Answer 7

**it goes via the LIVER before going into systemic circulation

drug given via the oral route may be metabolized by the liver before reaching the systemic circulation

portal vein drains this blood directly into the liver then the blood gets drained by the right and left hepatic veins directly to the IVC

Question 8

1st pass routes?

Answer 8

hepatic artery
oral
portal vein
rectal (both 1st pass and non-1st pass)

Question 9

what is Distribution

Answer 9

transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action

Question 10

what r the area of rapid distribution

Answer 10

heart, liver, kidneys, brain

Question 11

what r the area of slow distribution:

Answer 11

muscle, skin, fat

Question 12

how does fat soluble drug interact with cell

Answer 12

1. diffuse easily through ell membrane
2. activated nucleus receptor-drug/hormon complex and alters cell gene expression
3. new Rna, DNa are synthesized
4. new protein alter cell activity

Question 13

how does water soluble drug interact with cell

Answer 13

1. drug bind to cell membrane receptor, activiating G protein and adenlyate cyclases
2. adenlyate cyclases converst ATP to cAMP
3. cAMP is the 2nd messenger, activating protein kinasese
4. protein kinasess phorpharlytes protein
5. these protein than causes physiological process

Question 14

what is metabolism in relationship to a drug

Answer 14

transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, or a more potent metabolite

Question 15

sites of metabolism

Answer 15

liver
kidneys
lungs
plasma

Question 16

what is excretion

Answer 16

elimination of drugs from the body

Question 17

sites of excretion

Answer 17

Kidneys
liver
Bowel

Question 18

what is half life

Answer 18

time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed

A measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body

Question 19

what are 3 ways to quantify drug response in the body

Answer 19

Onset
- time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

Peak
- time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

Duration
- drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

Question 20

how does drug produce therapeuatic effect

Answer 20

once at at site of action, it:

- modify the rate ( increase or decrease) the function of cells or tissue

Question 21

what are 3 MOA of Pharmacodynamics

Answer 21

Receptor interaction
Enzyme interaction
Nonspecific interactions

Question 22

describe agonists at cellular level

Answer 22

drug with complete attachment and elicit a response with receptor

Question 23

describe antagonists at cellular level

Answer 23

Drugs that attach but do not elicit a response

Question 24

describe partial agonists or agonist-antagonists. at cellular level

Answer 24

Drugs that attach, elicit a small response, and also block other responses

Question 25

def of Toxicity

Answer 25

production of severe adverse effects

Question 26

def of Lethal Dose (LD50):

Answer 26

dose that will produce lethal effects on half of the test population

Question 27

def of Effective Dose (ED50):

Answer 27

dose that will produce therapeutic effects on half of the test population

Question 28

def of Therapeutic Index

Answer 28

a measurement of drug safety
TI=LD50/ED50
closer the calculation is to 1, the more toxic the drug

Question 29

def of Tolerance

Answer 29

decreasing response to repetitive drug doses

• additional drug is required to produce the same desired effect

Question 30

def of dependence

Answer 30

physiological or psychological need for a drug

Question 31

4 types of drug interaction

Answer 31

– Additive effect 1 + 1 = 2

– Synergistic effect 1 + 1 =3

– Antagonistic effect

–>effect of two chemicals is actually less than the sum of the effect

– Incompatibility
–>undesirable reaction that occurs between the drug

Question 32

what does % solution mean

Answer 32

gram or mls of drugs / 100ml of solution