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Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

what is Antibiotics

A

any compound (natural or synthetic) that inhibits the growth of, or actively kills micro-organisms

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2
Q

what are the principles of Antimicrobial Therapy

A

Identification of pathogen
–>acid fast stain
Susceptibility testing and resistance
–>put antibodies in bacteria cultures and see which one is the best at eliminating the bacteria

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3
Q

what are the types of antibiotics

A
  1. beta-lactasms
  2. Macrolides
  3. Quinolones
  4. Aminoglycosides
  5. Tetracyclines
  6. Sulfonamides
  7. Glycopeptides
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4
Q

What are 2 types of antibiotics action

A

bacteriocidal: kill bacteria

Bacteriostatic:
inhibit growth of susceptible bacteria, lead to bacteria death

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5
Q

What are the Four common mechanisms of action of antibiotics

A
  1. Interference with cell wall synthesis
  2. Interference with protein synthesis
  3. Interference with DNA replication
  4. Acting as a metabolite to disrupt critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell
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6
Q

characteristic of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A
  • Broad & most commonly used class of antibiotics
  • has a B-lactam ring as the primary structure
  • bactericidal
  • Chemical manipulation of the side chain led to new agents with advanced spectrum of antimicrobial activity
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7
Q

what are some beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • macrolides
  • tetracyclines
  • Carbapenems
  • ->merepenem
  • ->doripenem
  • Monobactams
  • ->Aztreonam
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8
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action of penicillins

A
  1. Penicillins enter the bacteria via the cell wall
  2. Inside the cell they bind to penicillin-binding protein
  3. Once bound, normal cell wall synthesis is disrupted
  4. Result: bacteria cells die from cell lysis

*Penicillins do not kill other cells in the body

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9
Q

What is the indication of Penicillins:?

A

*narrow spectrum

Prevention and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria

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10
Q

What is narrow-spectrum antibiotic

A

effective against only a specific group of bacteria.

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11
Q

What is narrow-spectrum antibiotic

A

effective against only a specific group of bacteria.

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12
Q

Examples of pencillins

A

amoxicillin
ampicillin
cloxicillin
methicillin

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13
Q

how does Antibiotic Resistance work in bacteria

A
  • bacteria secrete beta lactamase

- which therefore breaks down the B-lactam ring inactivating the antibiotic

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14
Q

What is Staphylococcus aureus

A

a MRSA because it has beta lactmase

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15
Q

features of Cephalosporins

A
  • Structurally related to penicillin

- bactericidal via inhibiting cell wall synthesis

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16
Q

What is the relationship between generation of Cephalosporins and its effectiveness?

A

increase in generation , less effectie against gram +ve

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17
Q

what are the side effects Cephalosporins

A
  • hypersensitivity( undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.)
  • headaches, dizziness
  • Nausea & Vomiting
18
Q

What are the 4 generation of Cephalosporins

A
  1. First-generation cephalosporins
    - ->Wide variety of gram-positive organisms
  2. Second-generation cephalosporins
    - ->Gram-positive and some gram-negative organisms
  3. Third-generation cephalosporins
    - ->Active against most gram-negative organisms
  4. Fourth-generation cephalosporins
    - ->Extended gram-positive and gram-negative coverage
    - ->for the sickest patients
  5. fifth generation
    - ->effective against MRSA
    - ->gram +ve and -ve
    - ->not effective against ESBL
19
Q

What is ESBL

A
  • EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE are Gram-negative bacteria that produce an enzyme beta-lactamase that has
  • the ability to break down commonly used antibiotics, such as penicillins and
    cephalosporins and render them ineffective for treatment
20
Q

what is the Newest cephalosporin agents

A

cefepime, 4th generation

Broader spectrum of antibacterial activity than third generation, especially against gram-positive bacteria

21
Q

features of macrolides

A
  • broad spectrum
  • -> cover gram +ve, -ve , atypical

*bacteriostatic

22
Q

What are the side effect of macrolides

A

Upset GI

  • need to take with food
  • ->otherwise nausea, vomiting, dizziness and cramps
23
Q

what are some macrolides drugs?

A
  • erythromycin
  • azithromycin
  • clarithromycin
24
Q

What is the MOA of macrolides

A

Prevent protein synthesis within bacterial cells

–>cell dies eventually

25
Q

What is the indication of macrolides

A 
Strep infections (gram +ve)
--> Streptococcus pyogenes

Mild to moderate URI (gram -ve)
–> Haemophilus influenzae

26
Q

what is the characteristics of tetracycline

A

Bacteriostatic
–>inhibit protein synthesis and cell growth

broad spectrum drug

Natural, semisynthetic

27
Q

indication of tetracycline

A 
Gram-negative, gram-positive
protozoa
Mycoplasma
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
syphilis
Lyme disease
28
Q

What is the side effect of tetracycline

A

N, V & D

binds to ca2 and mg2

  • ->don’t use with milk,
  • ->kids (yellow stained teeth), –>pregnancy ( stops fetal bone growth)
29
Q

what are some tetracyclines drugs

A

oxytetracycline

minocycline

30
Q

features of Aminoglycosides

A

Bactericidal
–>prevents protein synthesis

Broad spectrum
–>mostly gram-negative; some gram-positive

  • deal with Systemic infections(sepsis)

Potent antibiotics with serious toxicities

31
Q

What are the toxcities comes with Aminoglycosides

A

nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

32
Q

What is the indication of Aminoglycosides

A
  • kill gram-negative bacteria

- used in combination with other antibiotics (beta lactams) for synergistic effect

33
Q

What are some example of Aminoglycosides drug

A

neomycin
gentamicin
streptomycin (TB)
tobramycin (CF)

34
Q

features of Quinolones

A

bactericidial

broad spectrum
- gram-negative organisms and some gram-positive organisms

35
Q

what is the MOA of quinolones

A

–>alters DNA of bacteria

36
Q

what is the side effect of Quinolones

A

n, v & d
prolongation of q-t interval
liver & kidney toxicity arthropathy

37
Q

What is some drugs of Quinolones

A 
ciprofloxacin
norfloxacin
ofloxacin
levofloxacin
gatifloxacin
38
Q

features of Sulfonamides:

A

Bacteriostatic action

–>Prevent synthesis of folic acid

39
Q

indication of Sulfonamides

A

Treatment of Urinary Tract infections
–> caused by
Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp (gram-ve)
Staphylococcus aureus(gram -ve)

–>Treatment of prophylaxis of
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

–> Upper respiratory tract infections

40
Q

features of vancoymic

A

Natural, bactericidal antibiotic

**treat MRSA and gram +ve infection

41
Q

what is 1 down side of vancoymic

A

may cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

monitor blood levels to ensure therapeutic levels and prevent toxicity

mdrs (23 decks)

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