Sight

Question 1

sclera

Answer 1

white part of the eye - serves as protection and muscle attachments

Question 2

conjunctiva

Answer 2

layer of epithelial cells that protects the cornea

Question 3

anterior chamber

Answer 3

space filled with aqueous humor that sits right behind the cornea.

Question 4

ciliary body

Answer 4

formed from suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscle, which help control the lens and secrete the aqueous humor

Question 5

iris

Answer 5

composed of two different muscles that contract and expand, which changes the size of the opening, known as the pupil

Question 6

vitreous humor

Answer 6

composes the posterior portion of the eye. provides structure to the eye so the eye doesn’t collapse

Question 7

retina

Answer 7

located at the back of the eye. When the light hits the retina, the retina’s photoreceptors send a neural impulse to the brain

Question 8

macula

Answer 8

a part of the retina that contains the fovea.

Question 9

fovea

Answer 9

part of the retina that is really rich in cones, which allows you to see in rich detail. Almost all the cones are centered in the fovea.

Question 10

rod

Answer 10

a cell shaped like a rod that’s located in the retina. They’re sensitive to light so they’re good for night vision. Contains rhodopsin - triggers phototransduction cascade. Much more rods than cones in the retina. Mainly located at the periphery of the retina. Slow recovery time.

Question 11

cones

Answer 11

a type of cell shaped like a cone in the retina. 3 types: red, green, blue. they allow you to see color. contains photopsin. Mainly located in the fovea - more central than the rod. Fast recovery time.

Question 12

phototransduction cascade

Answer 12

a set of reactions that occurs when light hits a rod. when light hits the rod, it turns the rod OFF. When rod is turned off, it turns on a bipolar cell, which turns on a retinal ganglion cell. The retinal ganglian cell goes into the optic nerve and enters the brain. phototransduction cascade is the process of turning the rod off.

Question 13

rhodopsin

Answer 13

the protein that makes up the rods. The molecule retinal is located in the rhodopsin

Question 14

retinal

Answer 14

changes conformation when light hits it. It changes from 11-cis retinal to trans-retinal. When retinal changes conformation it causes rhodopsin to change shape, which causes a chain of events.

Question 15

transducin

Answer 15

connected to rhodopsin. When rhodopsin changes shape, transducin detaches from it and activates PDE.

Question 16

PDE

Answer 16

converts cGMP to GMP. This causes sodium channels to close. sodium channels close –> rods turn off.

Question 17

photoreceptors

Answer 17

rods and cones. These are nerve cells that can take in light and convert it to a neural impulse.

Question 18

blind spot

Answer 18

contains no cones or rods

Question 19

Feature Detection

Answer 19

color –> cones
form –> parvo pathway (responsible for figuring out the shape of an object - spatial resolution)
motion –> mango pathway (high temporal resolution)

Question 20

Marr’s stages of vision

Answer 20

1. The Marr’s first stage of vision is called either the grey level description or the input image, not 1D sketch.
2. In the primal sketch stage, edges, and texture are identified and used to create a basic scene outline.
3. In the 2.5D sketch stage, surfaces and scenes are related to one another.
4. In the 3D object-centered description stage, the object is able to be recognized from any angle or visualized as a 3D map.