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iws unit 2 > Sicilia > Flashcards

Sicilia Flashcards

1
Q

how long has grape growing existed in Sicilia?

A

Grape growing and winemaking has existed since 2nd millennium bc

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2
Q

t or f: Sicilia is one of the 5 autonomous regions of italy

A

true

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3
Q

What is the largest region in Italy?

A

Sicilia

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4
Q

What is the largest island in the mediterranean?

A

Sicilia

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5
Q

Almost two thirds of sicilia is covered by what topography?

A

Hills

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6
Q

What are the 3 important rivers of Sicilia?

A

Salso(imera meridonale)
Simeto
Belice

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7
Q

Describe is the climate of Sicilia?

A

Mediterranean, semi-continental in the northeast where there is the Sicilian Apennines, mt etna

Coolest in northeast, southern and western areas are affected by the southeasterly warm african sirocco wind

Western and southern areas experience very little rainfall, drought is a problem in summer. Most of the rainfall is in the mountains

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8
Q

Which italian region has some of the highest overall temperatures in all of italy?

A

Sicilia

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9
Q

In which part of sicilia would you find limestone and calcareous-clay soils

A

the western and south eastern corner

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10
Q

In which part of sicilia would you find metamorphic and igneous rocks

A

northeastern corner

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11
Q

in what part of sicilia would you find marine clay sedimentary soils?

A

in the upper Belice river valley

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12
Q

in what part of sicilia would you find Clay, sandstone and marl?

A

in the area stretching from alcamo to the madonie mountain range in the northwest

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13
Q

in what part of sicilia would you find layers of dark lava, ash and volcanic debris

A

around Etna

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14
Q

Which part of sicilia is dominated by white grapes?

A

the western part

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15
Q

which part of sicilia is dominated by red grapes?

A

Eastern part

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16
Q

what is the most widely planted variety in Sicilia?

A

Cataratto Bianco

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17
Q

What does the name “catarratto” refer to?

A

abundant yields

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18
Q

What are the two main biotypes of Cataratto?

A

Catarratto bianco commune
Catarratto bianco lucido (considered the higher quality)

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19
Q

Why is Catarratto bianco lucido considered the higher quality biotype?

A

Smaller berries
Lower sugar
Higher acid levels

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20
Q

Where are most of the plantings of Cataratto concentrated in Sicilia?

A

in the western portion for marsala

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21
Q

Which grape became the principal grape for marsala in the early 20th century because it is higher quality?

A

Grillo

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22
Q

Grillo is a natural crossing of which two grapes?

A

muscat of alexandria (zibibbo) and Cataratto Bianco

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23
Q

what was the style of wine made from Grillo before the 80s?

A

dry oxidative style

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24
Q

What does grillo mean in sicilian dialect?

A

“Grilli’ is sicilian dialect for pips or seeds

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25
Q

Until the 80s Grillo was made into dry oxidative styles, what is the style now?

A

full-bodied, textured, aromatic and fresh

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26
Q

What winemaking techniques have resulted in Grillo wines that have a passionfruit, grassy character similar to sauvignon blanc?

A

Cool fermentation and highly reductive winemaking

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27
Q

Where are most of the plantings of inzolia located in siclia?

A

in the west of the island

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28
Q

What was inzolia historically used for and what is it used for now?

A

Historically used for marsala but is now more commonly used as a dry still wine

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29
Q

Why must picking be timed appropriately for Inzolia?

A

Because it only has medium acid

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30
Q

Where does the name Zibibbo come from?

A

Potentially comes from the arabic word zabib which means raisin

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31
Q

Why is zibibbo suitable for passitos?

A

Big clusters and thick skins

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32
Q

Where are most of the plantings of zibibbo located?

A

on the island of pantelleria

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33
Q

Where is the home of carricante in sicilia?

A

on mt etna

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34
Q

Why do growers tend to harvest carricante as late as possible?

A

to curb the acidity, carricante is very high in malic acid

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35
Q

what winemaking technique was discovered and used on carricante in the 18th century

A

growers would leave the wine on its lees into spring to encourage malolactic fermentation to soften the acid

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36
Q

where is malvasia di lipari grown?

A

Grown on the volcanic archipelago of the aeolian islands

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37
Q

What is malvasia di lipari generally used for?

A

passitos

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38
Q

Calabrese is a grape also known as?

A

Nero d’Avola

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39
Q

Where does nero d’Avola orginate from?

A

Originates from the coastal town of Avola in the southeastern corner of sicilia

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40
Q

What does nero d’Avola require in the vineyard and what vineyard techniques are used to manage this?

A

Needs warm growing conditions, often trained close to the ground with alberello

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41
Q

Where does the name Nerello Mascalese come from?

A

Name comes from Mascali, a town in the eastern foothills of Mt Etna

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41
Q

Where does the name Nerello Mascalese come from?

A

Name comes from Mascali, a town in the eastern foothills of Mt Etna

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42
Q

is Nerello Mascalese early, mid or late ripening?

A

Late

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43
Q

Where has frappato been historically grown?

A

around vittoria in southeast sicilia

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44
Q

What are the characteristics of wines from Frappato?

A

Perfumed, Light body and gently tannic

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45
Q

Historically, what was the most common training system in sicilia and why?

A

Alberello

Created high alcohol wines with good concentration, great for bulk wine and marsala

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46
Q

What training method was adopted in the 1950s in sicilia and why? what has it been replaced by now?

A

Tendone was then adopted in the 50s to give higher yields

Now most have been replaced with Guyot and Cordone Speronato

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47
Q

What region of italy has the largest area under vine?

A

Sicilia

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48
Q

Where are most of the vineyards concentrated in Sicilia?

A

in the western half

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49
Q

What are the region adiministrative division of sicilia and their geographical locations on the island?

A

Val demone(northeast)
Val di noto (southeast)
Val di mazara (western sicily)

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50
Q

What are the two important docs of Northeast Sicilia (Val Demone)

A

Etna and Faro

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51
Q

What does ‘contrada’ mean?

A

‘Contrada’ is a term for a neighbourhood, used to identify vineyards instead of the individual vineyard name

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52
Q

What is the climate of etna doc?

A

Cool continental climate due to high attitude, huge diurnal range

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53
Q

Which DOC receives more rainfall than most of sicilia?

A

Etna

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54
Q

What part of Etna DOC is the wettest part?

A

the eastern side of the volcano

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55
Q

t or f: etna has some of the lowest vineyards in Italy and Europe

A

false, it has some of the highest

56
Q

where are the red and white grapes planted in the etna doc?

A

Nerello Mascalese is planted in the northern part

White grapes are at home in the southern part

57
Q

What is the vineyard topography in etna?

A

Vineyards are often on terraces

58
Q

What is the training method used in Etna DOC and why?

A

trained with alberello on individual stakes
Low training to promote better ripening (Soils are dark, helping to radiate heat back to the vines)

59
Q

what are the soils of Etna DOC?

A

Volcanic soils with a sub soil of lava

60
Q

What are the grapes used in etna doc

A

predominantly nerello mascalese, with cappuccio making up the remainder if it is used

61
Q

What are the grapes used in etna bianco?

A

Carricante dominant with cataratto bianco making up the remainder if it is used

62
Q

What are the requirements of Etna Bianco superiore?

A

Must come from the village of Milo and be predominantly carricante

63
Q

What is the oak usage for etna rosso?

A

Oak is often used, small oak is common but some producers use botti

64
Q

What are the vinification and maturation techniques used for Etna Bianco?

A

bianco is vinified in stainless steel, some producers use large botti for maturation

65
Q

What is the requirement of contrada appearing on the label?

A

Contrada can appear on the label only if all the grapes come from that contrada

66
Q

Which produced resuscitated the Faro DOC in the 1990s?

A

Palari estate

67
Q

What is the climate of the Faro DOC?

A

Mediterranean with lots of rainfall, greatly impacted by winds

68
Q

Which region of sicilia has Most of the vineyards lie along the steep foothills of the peloitani range on the ionian and tyrrhenian coasts

A

Faro

69
Q

What is the soil of Faro DOC?

A

Soil is predominantly alluvial with a sub soil of schist,

more sand on the ionian coast

more clay along the tyrrhenian coast.

70
Q

other than etna, what is the only other winegrowing area where nerrello mascalese and cappuccio are considered traditional?

A

Faro DOC

71
Q

What are the 3 grapes that make up the blend of Faro DOC?

A

nerello mascalese, nerello cappuccio and nocera

72
Q

What are the two important DOCs of Western sicilia

A

Marsala
Contea di Sclafani

73
Q

what is the most productive winegrowing area in sicilia?

A

Marsala

74
Q

how was marsala discovered?

A

Discovered by John Woodhouse in the 1770s, a merchant from liverpool, who was forced to dock at Marsala on a voyage. Tasted the local wine, then called vino perpetuo, and was reminded of madeira, saw the opportunity for it a product and sent a bunch to england.

Wine was well received and woodhouse decided to invest in the wine, renaming it Marsala.

75
Q

How did marsala become fortified?

A

To stabilise the wine during the voyage to england, grape spirit was added

76
Q

What events of the 19th century led to the Italian government’s decision in 1931 to officially delimit the Marsala wine growing area, well before the DOC system, to guarantee authenticity?

A

Phyollxera devasated the local vineyards causing the producers to buy shitty bulk wine to use instead, lowering the quality of the wine and the loss of its typicity. This also led to great adulteration and manipulation of the wines

77
Q

After world war 2 what events led to the damaging of the Marsala’s reputation?

A

After the declining interest in fortified wines after wwII, producers created Marsala Speciali(marsala flavoured with different food stuffs) to diversify their portfolio. This ended with the consumers viewing marsala as more of a cooking ingredient than a wine to be consumed, seriously damaging the reputation of the product

78
Q

What efforts were made after 1984 to improve the reputation of Marsala?

A

In 1984, in an effort to regain marsala’s reputation, the winegrowing area was restricted, more stringent production rules were introduced and the highly controversial marsala speciali was eliminated from the DOC

79
Q

What is the vineyard topography of Marsala?

A

Vineyards are on flat coastal areas and low elevation hills

80
Q

What is the climate of Marsala?

A

Fully mediterranean, one of the driest and warmest areas in Sicilia

81
Q

What are the 4 grape varieties used in marsala?

A

Grillo
Cataratto
Inzolia
Damaschino

82
Q

Describe grillo in relation to Marsala

A

Considered the most important grape

Enhances the texture and aroma, develops high sugar levels(particularly when trained with alberello)

Best examples of marsala are based on grillo

83
Q

Describe grillo in relation to Marsala

A

Considered the most important

Enhances the texture and aroma, develops high sugar levels(particularly when trained with alberello)

Best examples of marsala are based on grillo

84
Q

Describe Cataratto in relation to Marsala

A

Favoured for its high yields

Requires more alcohol during fortification, because it has less than grillo

Has a tendency to oxidise, adding oxidative aromas and colour

85
Q

Detail Inzolia in relation to Marsala

A

Contributes perfume

Widely used before plantings were ravaged by oidium in the 19th century

86
Q

Detail Damaschino in relation to Marsala

A

Very minor role, formerly used for it’s high yields post phylloxera

87
Q

What are the grape varieties used for marsala rubino?

A

Nero d’Avola, Perricone and Nerello Mascalese

88
Q

define conciato

A

in marsala, The process of adding grape spirit, mosto cotto (cooked grape must), sifone (fortified grape must) and mosto concentrato(concentrated grape must) to the base wine

89
Q

Describe the process of Marsala Vergine

A

Base wine of white grapes
Fortified with grape spirit(acquavite) and/or ethyl alcohol
Matured in partially filled oak or cherry barrels
Minimum 5 year ageing (riserva 10 years)
Final wine must have less than 4% sugar and 18% abv

90
Q

What style of marsala is considered the most complex and authentic style of marsala, even though it has the smallest production?

A

Marsala Vergine

91
Q

in which two Marsala styles can the vintage appear on the label?

A

Vergine and Superiore

92
Q

What does the term ‘soleras’ mean?

A

another name for Marsala Vergine

93
Q

Describe the process of marsala superiore

A

Base wine
Conciato
18% ABV
Matured in wood barrels for at least two years(Riserva after 4)

94
Q

Marsala superiore makes about what % of production?

A

20%

95
Q

Which marsala style makes up 80% of production?

A

Marsala Fine

96
Q

What marsala style is often used as a cooking ingredient?

A

Marsala Fine

97
Q

What is the abv of marsala fine?

A

17.5%

98
Q

What are the colour and sweetness labelling terms used on marsala?

A

colour: oro, ambra, rubino
sweetness: secco, semisecco and dolce

99
Q

Describe the climate of Contea di Sclafani DOC

A

Continental influence due to inland position, altitude and a more mountainous topography

100
Q

In what area of Contea di Sclafani DOC would you find clay and sand with marine deposits?

A

Lower elevation areas

101
Q

In what area of Contea di Sclafani DOC would you find sandstone, marl and limestone?

A

Higher altitude areas

102
Q

What are the principal grapes of Contea di Sclafani DOC?

A

Nero d’Avola, Perricone and cataratto

103
Q

What are the two wines permitted in Contea di Sclafani DOC?

A

a rosso and bianco

104
Q

What are the 3 important DOC/Gs of southeastern sicilia(val di noto)

A

Cerasuolo di Vitorria DOCG
Vittoria DOC
Eloro DOC

105
Q

Who founded the town of Vittoria?

A

Town of vittoria was founded in the 17th century by the countess of modica, Vittoria Colonna Henriquez

106
Q

How did vines become so prolific in Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG?

A

Countess of modica, Vittoria Colonna Henriquez, offered the first 75 settlers two hectares of land each, but 1 of those hectares had to be planted to vines

107
Q

Describe the climate of Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG?

A

Fully mediterranean, hot and arid
Irrigation is permitted under extreme conditions

108
Q

In which area of Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG would you find high sand content atop limestone bedrock?

A

soils close to the sea

109
Q

In which area of Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG would you find calcareous clay?

A

soils inland and at higher elevations

110
Q

What Sicilian appellation is known for its pockets of terra rossa soil?

A

Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG

111
Q

Terra rossa soil is ideal for which variety?

A

Frappato

112
Q

What grapes make up the blend in Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG? How does the proportions of each variety affect the final wine?

A

Blend is usually Nero d’Avola dominant with frappto

more frappato means a lighter and more fragrant wine

more nero d’Avola means deeper colour, richer and fuller but less aromatic

113
Q

What are the five different wines produced under the Vittoria DOC?

A

Varietal Frappato, Nero d’Avola and Inzolia

Rosso (same blend as DOCG but less strict)

novello, based on nero d’avola and/or frappato

114
Q

Which DOC is the traditional home of Nero d’Avola?

A

Eloro DOC

115
Q

Which sicilian appellation is located in the Southeastern corner of sicilia, sandwiched between the ionian sea to the east and the sicilian channel to the south?

A

Eloro Doc

116
Q

How did Eloro DOC become well known?

A

Area became well known in the late 19th century, particularly the village of pachino, for the production of vino da taglio made from Nero d’Avola

117
Q

What is the vineyard topography of Eloro DOC?

A

flat coast and low-elevation hills

118
Q

What is the climate of Eloro DOC?

A

Fully mediterranean, one of the warmest and driest areas of the entire island

irrigation is permitted under extreme conditions

119
Q

which sicilian DOC has dark , calcareous soils with pockets of high clay content?

A

Eloro DOC

120
Q

What is the training method employed in Eloro DOC?

A

Alberello

121
Q

Describe the two wines produced in Eloro DOC

A

varietal nero d’avola

subzone of pachino, nero d’avola coming from the village of pachino, stricter rules

122
Q

Which island is nickname the perla nera(black pearl)?

A

Pantelleria

123
Q

Which sicilian island has a history of strong arab influence?

A

Pantelleria

124
Q

How did Pantelleria come to producing sweet wines?

A

Originally a centre of raisins and table grapes, then switched production to grapes for sweet wines after facing too much competition and consumer preference shift

125
Q

What is the vineyard topography of Pantelleria?

A

vines are planted on terraces

126
Q

What is the soils of pantelleria?

A

Well drained sandy soils and porous volcanic rock

127
Q

Describe the climatic conditions of Pantelleria

A

Fully mediterranean, strong winds blow 300 days per year

128
Q

What is the impact of the winds in pantelleria?

A

Winds can dehydrate the vines, interrupt ripening and reduce the crop

129
Q

what is done to combat the winds in pantelleria?

A

vines are planted in conche(shallow holes) and trained very low to the ground, protecting the vines from winds and collects moisture. Yields are very low and grapes reach high sugar levels

130
Q

What is the most reknowned wine made in pantelleria?

A

Passito di Pantelleria made from Zibibbo

131
Q

Describe the process of making passito di Pantelleria

A

First harvest of grapes are dried within stenditoi(open air spots often enclosed by stone walls)

Second harvest is carried out between 1-4 weeks later can those grapes are immediately vinified, during the fermentation, the passito grapes are added in intervals to the must

132
Q

Apart from Passito di Pantelleria, what is the other wine made there?

A

Moscato di Pantelleria is a sweet wine made from freshly harvested grapes, sometimes when the grapes are overripe, lighter, fresher style.

133
Q

What DOC covers all of the aoelian islands?

A

Malvasia delle Lipari DOC

134
Q

Who made Malvasia delle lipari popular in the 1980s?

A

Carlo Hauner

135
Q

What are the soils in the Aoelian islands?

A

Sandy soils composed of volcanic debris

136
Q

What two grapes make up the blend of Malvasia delle Lipari?

A

Predominantly Malvasia di Lipari with a small percentage of Corinto nero

137
Q

What are the two wines produced in Malvasia delle Lipari DOC, and how are they made?

A

Malvasia delle Lipari DOC Passito is made via appasimento

Malvasia delle Lipari DOC is a sweet wine made from late harvested grapes

iws unit 2 (12 decks)

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