SI information Flashcards
conversion of pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA net gain
2 NADH
glycolysis net gain
2 ATP and 2 NADH
citric acid cycle net gain
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
function of plasma membrane
selectively permeable membrane to chose what goes in and out
what kind of substances can passively diffuse through the plasma membrane
nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances (O2, CO2)
what kind of substances needs help getting through plasma membrane
glucose, ions, H2O (water soluble and big particles)
function of the nucleus
houses the cells genetic material, the control center of the cell
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA essential for all forms of life, polymeric macromolecules
function of DNA
directing protein synthesis
a genetic blueprint
function of RNA
carry info of amino acid sequence from the genes to where proteins are assembled
Carrying out protein synthesis
transcription
copy in the form of mRNA from DNA
mRNA transport
leave nucleus to cytoplasm (ribosome)
translation
mRNA code into a protein
endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
synthesizes and releases various new proteins into the ER lumen
Endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
packages new proteins in transport vescicles
Golgi apparatus
stacked membrane sacs called CISTERNAE
function of Golgi apparatus
modifying, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion, also involved in transport of lipids around the cell
lysosomes
intracellular digestive system (waste collectors)
“stomach” of the celll
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
mitochondria
power plants
protein synthesis
message DNA helicase unzips DNA mRNA is formed (by RNA polymerase) mRNA travels out of nucleus ribosome receives mRNA code tRNA brings in proper amino acids protein synthesized
channels/gates
water-filled passageways highly selective (allows water-soluble and small molecules to enter)
carrier molecules
transport substances in or out that are not free to pass
membrane-bound enzymes
control chemical reactions (AChE)
receptor sites
can bind with extracellular signals
binding alters cell activity
cell adhesion molecules
grip other cells (velco-like)
ID tags
proteins often with CHOs attached
recognize self-cells and prevent over growth
polar
has charge
nonpolar
no charge
oxygen is the
final electron acceptor
H2O will follow the path of ______ resistance
least
selectively permeable determinants
- relative solubility of particles in lipids
2. size or particles
passive
cell doesnt have to expel energy/ATP
active
cell requires ATP
unassisted
can move without help
assisted
needs help to move across membrane (facilitated)
ex. water soluble (Na+)
diffusion
high -> low gradient (down stream)
osmosis
diffusion of H2O
tonicity
measure of solute concentration in ECF
isotonic
ICF and ECF concentration is equal
hypotonic
ECF has a lower solute concentration than ICF
hypertonic
ECF has a higher solute concentration than ICF
the two organs that work to maintain homeostasis are the _______
endocrine and nervous systems
in times of decreased blood glucose levels, _____ is released from alpha cells within the pituitary gland
glucagon
an example of _____ would include uterine contractions or blood clotting, because the effectors response amplifies the initial change from set point
positive feedback
_______ tissue is responsible for lining body cavities and forming glands
epithelial
cardiac muscle can be characterized as _____ and involuntary
striated
an example of _____ muscle includes your blood vessels and gastrointestinal tract
smooth
in order for your body to maintain homeostasis, blood vessels at your body’s surface tend to ______ in excessively warm conditions
vasodilate
following menopause, women are at a greater risk of developing fractures because of the prescence of ______ cells that destroy bone matrices
osteoclasts
if blood calcium levels are to high to parathyroid hormone is released to stimulate glycogenolysis activity
calcitonin, inhibit osteoclasts/stimulate osteoblasts t
the general functions of the __________ system are transporting nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste, electrolytes, and hormones throughout the body
CIRCULATROY, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
in blood glucose regulation, which organ would be classified as the “sensor” in the homeostatic mechanism?
pancreas
osmosis involves the diffusion of ______
H2O
due to diffusion, water moves towards the greater ______ concentration; water also moves from a _____ water concentration
solute
high, low
The ETC occurs
in the cytosol and in the intermembranous space
the resting membrane potential of a neuron is
-70 mV
the sodium permeability > potassium permeability at point “D” (repol) T/F
false
other way around
at point “B” (depol), what is occurring?
Na+ is rushing into the cell
RNA polymerase is
transcription enzyme
during transcription, the complimentary RNA copy ____ corresponds with the DNA base A-T
U-A
DNA is held together by weak ______, which allows the enzyme ______ to “unzip it” to expose its genetic information in the form of its ___________
hydrogen bonds
helicase
nitrogenous bases
this substance’s primary function is to provide the plasma membrane with stability/rigidity
cholesterol
this hormone has the opposite effect of calcitonin, therefore stimulating _____ activity
PTH
osteoclast
if the sodium potassium pump is somehow inhibited/unable to perform its functions, then you will see a build up of ____ inside the cell, and _____ outside of the cell
Na+
K+
blood glucose regulation provides applicable examples of which process (es)?
negative feedback
facilitated diffusion
carrier mediated transport
this is the RNA complimentary base pair to the DNA sequence of AAT-GCT
UUA-CGA
by definition, _______, is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment and is sometimes called the “Dynamic Equilibrium”
homeostasis
the term glycogenolysis refers to
turning glycogen back into glucose
the process where RNA polymerase uses the genetic information in DNA to assemble a strand of mRNA is _____
transcription
in anaerobic glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid, which is converted to
lactic acid
the reason that water-soluble ions and molecules cannot enter certain regions of the cell membrane is
the presence of hydrophobic tails on the interior of the membrane
as a result of the sodium-potassium pump, 2 __ are pumped in, and 3 ___ are pumped out, thus requiring ATP expenditure
K+, Na+
organelles: _____ “detoxify” cellular waste products using oxidative enzymes, whereas ____ “digest” cellular debris using hydrolytic enzymes
perioxisomes
lysosomes
during carrier mediated transport, if the transport molecule is completely saturated, it is said to have reached its ______
transport maximum
osmotic pressure will be higher in areas of
greater solute concentrations
how many FADH2 molecules are being made in glycolysis?
10
this ion is typically found in high concentration inside the cell at rest
potassium
the liquid portion of the cytoplasm can also be referred to as
cytosol
ICF
in the ETC, the production of ATP is a direct result of _________
hydrogen ions being transported into the matrix through the ATP synthase channel
________ is a 6 C molecule
glucose
___ NADH are produced in the CAC from one molecule of glucose
6
pyruvic acid can be converted to ________ in anaerobic conditions
lactic acid
Acetyl CoA (2 C molecule) combines with Oxaloacetic acid (4 C molecule) to form ________ (6 C molecule)
citric acid
if a red blood cell is placed in an isotonic solution, _______
there will be no net movement of water
during depolarization, the membrane potential becomes more ____ and _____ to/from the resting membrane potential
positive
farther
which type of electrical system follows the “all or nothing” principal
action potential
the threshold potential in neural cells is ______; when this voltage is reached, _____ will occur
-55 mV
action potential
skeletal muscle tissue can be classified as being _______
striated, voluntary
action-potentials efficient conduction system is said to be _____ because it arrives at its destination at full strength
non-decremental
T/F Glucose is the only molecule that can undergo metabolism
false
T/F Alpha cells in the pancreas release the hormone glucagon, which increase BG
true
T/F insulin decreases glucose metabolism by inhibiting carrier molecule
false
T/F Action potentials travel down the axons of neurons, carrying an electrical message
true
T/F Proteins have a limited amount of functions in the body because of their size, solubility, and polarity.
false
T/F For every NADH molecule, approximately 3 ATP are made
true
T/F oxaloacetic acid is a 2 C molecule
false
T/F Acetyl CoA is a 2 carbon molecule
true
T/F beta oxidative is the release of insulin from beta cells
false
T/F the greater solute concentration, the greater the osmotic pressure
true
