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HSC 215 Exam #1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

0
Q

3 major cellular components

A

plasma membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

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1
Q

cells

A

basic unit of structure and function

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2
Q

plasma membrane - structure

A

-phospholipid bilayer
-cholesterol - lot of strength
Proteins
-transmembrane - go all the way through bilayer, act as channels or gateways
- peripheral - on the outside or surface, act as little feelers

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3
Q

plasma membrane - function

A

separates ICF and ECF
selectively permeable
controls composition of ICF

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4
Q

nucleus

A

contains cells genetic material

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5
Q

nucleus - structure

A
  • largest organelle
  • enclosed by a double layer nuclear envelope with nuclear pores
  • contains DNA - organized into chromosomes
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6
Q

DNA

A
  • double helix
  • made of sugars, phosphates, and bases
  • bases - thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine
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7
Q

functions of DNA

A
  • directs protein synthesis: making of proteins

- holds genetic blueprint/code during cell replication

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8
Q

RNA

A

single helix made of bases

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9
Q

mRNA

A

complimentary copy of DNA that travels out of nucleus

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10
Q

tRNA

A

gathers the correct amino acids and brings to the ribosome

- taxi - out in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

rRNA

A

component of ribosomes

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12
Q

protein synthesis

A

the production of proteins using codes (genes) from DNA

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13
Q

protein synthesis involves transcription and __________

A

translation

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14
Q

transcription

A
  • the formation of mRNA from DNA via RNA polymerase

- mRNA carries instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (ribosome)

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15
Q

Translation

A
  • of mRNA into a protein
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16
Q

cytoplasm

A

portion of cell interior not occupied by the nucleus

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17
Q

cytoplasm - structure

A
  • organelles “little organs” - distinct, highly organized, membrane-enclosed structures
  • cytosol - complex, gel like mass in which the cytoskeleton is found
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18
Q

organelles:

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • elaborate fluid-filled membranous system distributed throughout the cytosol
  • subway (transport) system
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19
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • protein synthesis
  • surface has attached ribosomes - protein factories
  • a.k.a. granular
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20
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • no ribosomes
  • agranular
  • liver SER = detoxifies
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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • stack of flattened membrane-enclosed sacs called CISTERNAE
  • post office
  • one side faces rough ER
  • packages raw materials into finished products
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22
Q

lysosomes

A
  • membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes
  • intracellular digestive cell
  • suicide cells
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23
Q

perioxisomes

A
  • house oxidative enzymes that detoxify various waste products
  • forms H2O2 -> catalase -> H2O+O2
  • creates bubbling effect when peroxide is poured onto a cut
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24
Q

ribosomes

A
  • sites of protein synthesis
  • found either attached to rough ER or free in the cytoplasm
  • protein factory
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25
Q

mitochondria

A
  • energy organelle
  • powerhouse
  • contains enzymes for citric acid cycle and ETC
  • enclosed by a double membrane
    • inner fold membrane = cristae
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26
Q

ATP

A
  • cash of the cell
  • cellular energy
  • energy storage molecule
  • ADP + Pi ATP (making of energy)
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27
Q

ATP generation: Glycolysis

where does it occur

A

in cytosol (liquid portion)

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28
Q

ATP generation: Krebs

Where does it occur?

A

in mitochondria

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29
Q

ATP generation: ETC

where does it occur?

A

in mitochondria (where energy payoff happens)

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30
Q

Glucose

A

nutrient contains energy

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31
Q

ATP - _______ molecule

A

energy

32
Q

H - can be used to make ______

A

ATP

33
Q

NAD and FAD carry _______

A

H ( hydrogen transporters; trucks)

34
Q

NADH and FADH2 travel to ______

A

ETC

35
Q

NADH = ___ ATP

A

3

36
Q

FADH2 = ____ ATP

A

2

37
Q

glycolysis

A

chemical process involving 10 separate sequential reactions that break down GLUCOSE into two pyruvic acid molecules

38
Q

is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic

39
Q

net gain from glycolysis

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

40
Q

If no oxygen is present for glycolysis, what happens?

A

2 NADH are added to pyruvic acid = lactic acid

  • muscle pain
  • fatigue
  • decrease pH
41
Q

citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle

A
  • pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA which enters CAC = 2 NADH
  • consists of 8 separate biochemical responses that are directed by enzymes of mitochondrial matrix
  • important in preparing hydrogen carrier molecules for entry into electron transport chain
  • requires oxygen
42
Q

does CAC requires oxygen?

A

Yes

43
Q

The CAC is important for preparing ____ carrier molecules for entry into ETC

A

hydrogen

44
Q

Payoff from CAC

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP HAVE TWO CYCLES PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE

45
Q

ETC

A

series of reactions that occur on the inner mitochondrial membrane

  • major source of ATP
  • requires oxygen as the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
46
Q

Oxygen in the __________

A

final electron acceptor

47
Q

Does ETC require oxygen?

A

yes

48
Q

The ETC produces ATP by ____________

A

oxidative phosphorylation

49
Q

Alternate fuel sources - lipids

A

fatty acids -> enter krebs through beta oxidation

- really concentrated

50
Q

alternate fuel sources - proteins

A

amino acids -> enter Krebs through deamination

- dont want to burn them for ATP, can burn them through starvation mode

51
Q

Aerobic exercise

A

lots of ATP needed

  • with oxygen
  • can get to ETC
  • long, low intensity
52
Q

Anaerobic Exercise

A
  • short duration, high intensity (power lifting, sprinting)
53
Q

the term we use to describe the structure of the cell membrane is ___________

A

phospholipid bilayer

54
Q

phosphate heads are arranged so they are in contact with

A

water
ECF
ICF

55
Q

this bilayer arrangement allows the cell membrane to be

A

selectively permeable

56
Q

phosphate heads are polar molecules. T/F

A

true

57
Q

polar means

A

charge

58
Q

Things that are soluble in lipids are allowed to move freely through the cell membrane. T/F

A

true

59
Q

The control center of the cell is the _______

A

nucleus

60
Q

the part of the cell that contains DNA is the ______

A

nucleus

61
Q

the largest organelle in the cell is the _____

A

nucleus

62
Q

the ______ is surrounded by a double later membrane with pores

A

nucleus

63
Q

you just made a complimentary copy of RNA from DNA, this is called _______

A

transcription

64
Q

what can RNA do that the original DNA cant do?

A

travel outside of the nucleus (nuclear pores)

65
Q

which type of RNA brings the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome?

A

tRNA

66
Q

what is the function of RNA polymerase?

A

produces RNA (binds to DNA and transcribes sequence into RNA)

67
Q

proteins are long chains of _________

A

amino acids

68
Q

name the two parts of the cytoplasm

A

organelles and cytosol

69
Q

just by looking at the word “glycolysis” we can figure out what it means……

A

break down glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules

70
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol

71
Q

glucose is a 6 carbon chain. When we split it we form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid that each contain _____ carbons

A

3

72
Q

what is the good news with glycolysis? (what is produced)

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

73
Q

what is the bad news of glycolysis? (what do we do with the NADH and pyruvic acid if no oxygen is present?)

A

2 NADH are added to pyruvic acid = lactic acid

74
Q

Does the Citric Acid Cycle or ETC produce more ATP?

A

ETC

75
Q

before pyruvic acid can enter the CAC, it needs to be modified into a 2 carbon molecule called _____ that joins with the 4 carbon oxaloacetic acid

A

acetyl CoA

76
Q

how many turns of the CAC are needed for each glucose molecule

A

2

77
Q

How many ATP, FADH2, NADH are produced for each turn?

A

1 ATP
1 FADH2
3 NADH

78
Q

that means our total for one molecule of glucose is

A 
ATP = 2
NADH = 6
FADH2 = 2

HSC 215 Exam #1 (5 decks)

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