Chapter 1 Flashcards
physiology
study of body functions
“how does it do what it does”
anatomy
study of the structure of the body
concepts:
Structure dictates function
things are built the way they are to perform their function
ex. ear = funnel. Why? To collect soundwaves
levels of organization:
Chemical
molecules composed of atoms of elements
NOCH make up 96% of the body
combine to form molecules of life
levels of organization
Cellular
cells are basic unit of life
- fundamental unit of structure and function
- ex. neurons are wire-like so they can perform function
levels of organization
tissue
groups of cells with similar structure and specialized function
- 4 main types
four main types of tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
epithelial tissue
covers body surfaces and lines body cavities and forms glands
- ex. squamous, columnar, cuboidal
connective tissue
connects, supports, and anchors various body parts
- ex. abundant, can sometimes be liquid (matrix), bone tissue, and adipose
muscle tissue
specialized for producing movement or generating force through contraction
- 3 types
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
nervous tissue
initiates, transmits, and interprets electrical impulses
- found in brain, spinal cord, special sense organs
levels of organization
organ
two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a function
- ex. heart
levels of organization
system
groups of organs that perform related functions
- do not act in isolation from one another
levels of organization
organism
all systems working together to maintain homeostasis
Homeostasis
maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
- dynamic equilibrium
- internal constantsy
- the “why” of the body
ECF
fluid outside of the cells but within the body
- the internal environment of the body
- ex. plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph
ICF
fluid collectively contained within all body cells
2 main systems that work to maintain homeostasis
endocrine and nervous system
endocrine system
uses hormones that travel in blood to reach a target cell, bringing about some type of change
nervous system
uses nerve impulses/action potentials to travel through nerve fibers that innervate various target organs (muscles, glands)
homeostatic mechanisms: set point
the desired level at which homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a controlled variable
- 98.6 degrees
homeostatic mechanisms: integrating center
a region that determines efferent output based on processing of afferent input
homeostatic mechanisms: effector
accomplishes the output commanded by the integrator
homeostatic mechanisms: feedback
a response that occurs but after a change has been detected; may be (-) or (+)
negative feedback
when the EFFECTOR response compensates for the original stimulus
-ex. control of room temperature
primary type of homeostatic control
OPPOSES initial change
positive feedback
when the effectors response AMPLIFIES the initial change from set point
- ex. birth of a baby (oxytocin)
blood clotting
vasoconstriction
blood vessels on surface of body begin to shut down
blood glucose control
what cell turns into ATP, necessary
insulin - decreases blood glucose
glucagon - increases blood glucose
alpha cells produce _______
glucagon
beta cells produce ______
insulin
blood calcium control
calcitonin - decreases blood calcium levels, osteoblasts
PTH - increases blood calcium levels - osteoclasts
failure of homeostasis = _________
death
integumentary system
prevents internal fluid from being lost from the body and foreign microorganisms from entering
skeletal system
provides support and protection for the soft tissues and organs
- also serves as a reservoir for Ca++
circulatory system
transports materials such as nutrients, O2, CO2, wastes, electrolytes, and hormones from one part of the body to another
digestive system
breaks down dietary food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed into the plasma for distribution to the body cells
respiratory system
gets O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment
- also important in maintaining the proper pH of the internal environment
urinary system
removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from the plasma and eliminates them in the urine
muscular system
moves the bones to which the skeletal muscles are attached
- this system enables a person to move toward food or away from harm
immune system
defends against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses and against body cells that have become cancerous
nervous system
it controls and coordinates body activities that require swift responses
- especially important in detecting changes in the external environment and initiating reactions to them
structure refers to _____ while ______ refers to physiology
anatomy
physiology
list the 6 levels of biological organization here
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
cctoso
what is a group of organs
system
what is a group of cells referred to?
tissue
what type of muscle tissue moves food via peristalsis?
smooth muscle tissue
define homeostasis
maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment; dynamic equilibrium
control of Ca+
- decrease blood calcium
- PT glands
- PTH
- goes directly to bone and activates osteoclasts and dissolve bone
- release Ca+
- increase blood Ca+
Glucose concentrations - decrease blood glucose
- increase blood glucose
- pancreas
- beta cells
- insulin
- muscle increase uptake
- liver
- decrease blood glucose
(-) feedback
what hormone will increase blood Ca+ levels
PTH
would PTH stimulate the osteoblasts or osteoclasts
osteoclasts
Glucose
food of cell
Glycogen
stored glucose
glycogenolysis
turning glycogen back into glucose
gluconeogenesis
turning lipids or proteins into glucose
glycolysis
breaking glucose to produce ATP
glucagon
the hormone that has the opposite effect as insulin
give an example of positive feedback in the body. Would you use the word amplify or oppose to describe it?
childbirth
amplify
what two systems work to maintain homeostasis
endocrine
nervous
endocrine uses ______ to maintain homeostasis
hormones
nervous system uses ________ to maintain homeostasis
action potentials
the basic unit of life is the ____
cell
the basic unit of structure and function in the body is the _____
cell
the second level of biological organization is the ______
cell
