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HSC 215 Exam #1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

0
Q

physiology

A

study of body functions

“how does it do what it does”

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1
Q

anatomy

A

study of the structure of the body

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2
Q

concepts:

Structure dictates function

A

things are built the way they are to perform their function

ex. ear = funnel. Why? To collect soundwaves

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3
Q

levels of organization:

Chemical

A

molecules composed of atoms of elements
NOCH make up 96% of the body
combine to form molecules of life

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4
Q

levels of organization

Cellular

A

cells are basic unit of life

  • fundamental unit of structure and function
  • ex. neurons are wire-like so they can perform function
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5
Q

levels of organization

tissue

A

groups of cells with similar structure and specialized function
- 4 main types

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6
Q

four main types of tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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7
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces and lines body cavities and forms glands
- ex. squamous, columnar, cuboidal

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8
Q

connective tissue

A

connects, supports, and anchors various body parts

- ex. abundant, can sometimes be liquid (matrix), bone tissue, and adipose

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9
Q

muscle tissue

A

specialized for producing movement or generating force through contraction
- 3 types

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10
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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11
Q

nervous tissue

A

initiates, transmits, and interprets electrical impulses

- found in brain, spinal cord, special sense organs

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12
Q

levels of organization

organ

A

two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a function
- ex. heart

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13
Q

levels of organization

system

A

groups of organs that perform related functions

- do not act in isolation from one another

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14
Q

levels of organization

organism

A

all systems working together to maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

  • dynamic equilibrium
  • internal constantsy
  • the “why” of the body
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16
Q

ECF

A

fluid outside of the cells but within the body

  • the internal environment of the body
  • ex. plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph
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17
Q

ICF

A

fluid collectively contained within all body cells

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18
Q

2 main systems that work to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine and nervous system

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19
Q

endocrine system

A

uses hormones that travel in blood to reach a target cell, bringing about some type of change

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20
Q

nervous system

A

uses nerve impulses/action potentials to travel through nerve fibers that innervate various target organs (muscles, glands)

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21
Q

homeostatic mechanisms: set point

A

the desired level at which homeostatic control mechanisms maintain a controlled variable
- 98.6 degrees

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22
Q

homeostatic mechanisms: integrating center

A

a region that determines efferent output based on processing of afferent input

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23
Q

homeostatic mechanisms: effector

A

accomplishes the output commanded by the integrator

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24
Q

homeostatic mechanisms: feedback

A

a response that occurs but after a change has been detected; may be (-) or (+)

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25
Q

negative feedback

A

when the EFFECTOR response compensates for the original stimulus
-ex. control of room temperature
primary type of homeostatic control
OPPOSES initial change

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26
Q

positive feedback

A

when the effectors response AMPLIFIES the initial change from set point
- ex. birth of a baby (oxytocin)
blood clotting

27
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels on surface of body begin to shut down

28
Q

blood glucose control

A

what cell turns into ATP, necessary
insulin - decreases blood glucose
glucagon - increases blood glucose

29
Q

alpha cells produce _______

A

glucagon

30
Q

beta cells produce ______

A

insulin

31
Q

blood calcium control

A

calcitonin - decreases blood calcium levels, osteoblasts

PTH - increases blood calcium levels - osteoclasts

32
Q

failure of homeostasis = _________

A

death

33
Q

integumentary system

A

prevents internal fluid from being lost from the body and foreign microorganisms from entering

34
Q

skeletal system

A

provides support and protection for the soft tissues and organs
- also serves as a reservoir for Ca++

35
Q

circulatory system

A

transports materials such as nutrients, O2, CO2, wastes, electrolytes, and hormones from one part of the body to another

36
Q

digestive system

A

breaks down dietary food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed into the plasma for distribution to the body cells

37
Q

respiratory system

A

gets O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment

- also important in maintaining the proper pH of the internal environment

38
Q

urinary system

A

removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from the plasma and eliminates them in the urine

39
Q

muscular system

A

moves the bones to which the skeletal muscles are attached

- this system enables a person to move toward food or away from harm

40
Q

immune system

A

defends against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses and against body cells that have become cancerous

41
Q

nervous system

A

it controls and coordinates body activities that require swift responses
- especially important in detecting changes in the external environment and initiating reactions to them

42
Q

structure refers to _____ while ______ refers to physiology

A

anatomy

physiology

43
Q

list the 6 levels of biological organization here

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

cctoso

44
Q

what is a group of organs

A

system

45
Q

what is a group of cells referred to?

A

tissue

46
Q

what type of muscle tissue moves food via peristalsis?

A

smooth muscle tissue

47
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment; dynamic equilibrium

48
Q

control of Ca+

A
  1. decrease blood calcium
  2. PT glands
  3. PTH
  4. goes directly to bone and activates osteoclasts and dissolve bone
  5. release Ca+
  6. increase blood Ca+
49
Q

Glucose concentrations - decrease blood glucose

A
  1. increase blood glucose
  2. pancreas
  3. beta cells
  4. insulin
  5. muscle increase uptake
  6. liver
  7. decrease blood glucose

(-) feedback

50
Q

what hormone will increase blood Ca+ levels

A

PTH

51
Q

would PTH stimulate the osteoblasts or osteoclasts

A

osteoclasts

52
Q

Glucose

A

food of cell

53
Q

Glycogen

A

stored glucose

54
Q

glycogenolysis

A

turning glycogen back into glucose

55
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

turning lipids or proteins into glucose

56
Q

glycolysis

A

breaking glucose to produce ATP

57
Q

glucagon

A

the hormone that has the opposite effect as insulin

58
Q

give an example of positive feedback in the body. Would you use the word amplify or oppose to describe it?

A

childbirth

amplify

59
Q

what two systems work to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine

nervous

60
Q

endocrine uses ______ to maintain homeostasis

A

hormones

61
Q

nervous system uses ________ to maintain homeostasis

A

action potentials

62
Q

the basic unit of life is the ____

A

cell

63
Q

the basic unit of structure and function in the body is the _____

A

cell

64
Q

the second level of biological organization is the ______

A

cell

HSC 215 Exam #1 (5 decks)

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