Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > SI Acid/Base_Exam 4 > Flashcards

SI Acid/Base_Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

____________ Imbalances

_______________
< 1.5 mEq/L

  1. Increased neuromuscular excitability
  2. Positive Chvostek’s (face twitches when masseter tapped) and Trousseau’s (hand tightens when blood pressure cuff kept above systolic pressure for long period of time)
  3. Insomnia
  4. Nystagmus

_______________
> 2.5 mEq/L

  1. Decreased neuromuscular excitability
  2. Flushing
  3. Diaphoresis - sweating
  4. Hypotension - low blood
  5. Bradycardia - low heart rate
A

Magnesium Imbalances

Hypomagnesemia (< 1.5 mEq/L)

Hypermagnesemia (> 2.5 mEq/L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_________ imbalances
Neuronal Excitation/Bones

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
< 8.5mg/dL
1.	Increased neuromuscular excitability
2.	Positive Chvostek’s (face twitches when masseter tapped) and Trousseau’s (hand tightens when blood pressure cuff kept above systolic pressure for long period of time)
3.	Muscle cramps
4.	Seizures
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
> 10.5 mg/dL
1.	Decreased neuromuscular excitability
2.	Constipation
3.	Muscle weakness
4.	Diminished reflexes
5.	↓ LOC
A

Calcium Imbalances

Hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Normal PaCO2 is 35 – 45 mmHg

Normal HCO3 is 22 – 26 mEq/L

Normal pH is 7.35 – 7.45

A

Study

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

• Occurs when PaCO2 is greater than 45 mmHg and pH is decreased
• Causes
o Alveolar hypoventilation
excess of CO2 in the blood (hypercapnia), which means excess carbonic acid

May be caused by depression of the respiratory center and disorders of the lung (pneumonia, PE)

• Signs/Symptoms
o Compensation by the kidneys: increased elimination of H+ ions
o Headache, blurred vision, breathlessness, restlessness, disorientation, muscle twitching, respiratory rate is rapid at first and gradually becomes depressed as the respiratory center adapts to increasing CO2
• Treatment – restoration of adequate alveolar ventilation removed excess CO2

A

Respiratory Acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

• Occurs when PaCO2 is less than 35 mmHg and pH is increased

• Causes
o Alveolar hyperventilation (deep, rapid respirations)
decreased CO2 (hypocapnia), which means decreased carbonic acid

May be triggered by hypoxemia, hypermetabolic states, salicylate intoxication, hysteria, cirrhosis, and gram negative sepsis

• Signs/Symptoms
o Compensation by kidneys: decrease H+ excretion and bicarbonate reabsorption
o Dizziness, confusion, tingling of extremities, convulsions, coma
• Treatment – treat the cause particularly hypoxemia

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

• Causes
o Diabetic ketoacidosis (occurs with type 1 diabetes when person has too little insulin)
o Renal failure
o Alcohol
o Aspirin overdose
o Prolonged diarrhea (losing bicarbonate)

• Signs/Symptoms
o Headache and lethargy
o Compensatory Kussmaul respirations

A

Metabolic Acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

• Causes:
o Hyperaldosteronim (decrease potassium)
o Diuretics (the ones that are not potassium sparing – aka loop diuretics)
o Antacids (increases the bicarbonate level)
o Vomiting

  • S/S – weakness, tetany, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, atrial tachycardia
  • Treatment – treat the condition
A

Metabolic Alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Less concentrated to Higher concentrated

A

Osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Water flows where _______ goes

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______ – equal concentration of solution

• D5W > when absorbed turns into a hypotonic
• Patients are given isotonic to ^ extracellular fluid:
- Blood Loss
- Dehydration
- Surgery

A

Isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_______ – low concentration of solution

  • Fluid moves intracellularly = cell swelling
  • Cell swelling causes lyses = Rupture
  • You can become hypovolemic

TX:
DKA
Hyperglycemia – hydrates the cells
Hyperosmolar

DON’T give _______ to a patient with ICP, burn patients, or trauma patients because they are hypervolemic.

A

Hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ – excessive concentration of solution
• Fluid wants to move extracellularly = shrink cell

If given IV can cause a fluid overload – pulmonary edma

TX
Cerebral Edema
Hyponatremia = Reduces swelling

A

Hypertonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Potassium

Body it trying to DITCH K+

Diarrhea
I nadequate intake – anorexia/lacking diet
T oo much water intake
C 
H igh fluid loss – vomiting 
CM:
Bilateral Ascending flaccid muscle weakness
Cardiac Dysrhythmias – U waves
Constipation
Polyuria

At Risk:
Patients with n/v, diarrhea
Patients with excessive sweating

A

Hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Potassium

Body CARED too much for K+

C ellular movement – massive transfusion 
A
R enal failure – Oliguria 
E xcessive K+ intake – IV infusion 
D rugs - Use of K+ sparing diuretics
CM:
Bilateral Ascending flaccid muscle weakness
Cardiac Dysrhythmias – cardiac arrest
N/V
Oliguria

At Risk:
Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Patients with Chronic Diarrhea

A

Hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sodium LOVES EXTRAcellular

Causes:
Loss of Na+
Dilution of Na+ by water excess
Vomiting
Suctioning
CM:
S eizures
A pprehension
L ethargy
T otal Confusion

At Risk
Acute nausea and vomiting
Acute fluid loss

A

Hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sodium

Causes:	
Retention or infusion of Na+
Decreased Intake
Increased loss of water
Associated with fever, respiratory tract infections

CM:
Weight gain
* Bounding pulse
Hyperreflexia

At Risk
Infants with severe diarrhea
* Patients with diabetes

A

Hypernatremia

17
Q

Chloride follows her salty sister sodium and is regulated by sodium
!Acid/Base!

Causes:
* Vomiting – no more acid
Gastric suction
* Hyponatremia

CM:
Tetany
Spasticity
sweating

At Risk:
* Metabolic Alkalosis

A

Hypochloremia

18
Q

Causes:
* Prolonged diarrhea – no more base
Loss of pancreatic secretion
* Hypernatremia

CM:
Often asymptomatic
Intense thirst
Tachypnea
Pitting edema

At Risk:
* Dehydration = Metabolic Acidosis

A

Hyperchloremia

19
Q

Burns

Superficial - epidermis only
Very Painful
Sunburn

A

1st Degree

20
Q

Burns

Superficial partial thickness
and deep partial thickness - some dermis

Painful

3-4 weeks to heal for partial
30-month to heal for deep partial

touching a hot pan - blister forms within minutes

A

2nd Degree

21
Q

Burns

Full thickness - hypodermis

Dry, leathery, white

NO pain

Does not completely heal

A

3rd Degree

22
Q

Burns

Full thickness + deeper - to the bone

Eschar - blackened dead tissue

Need skin graft - will not heal

A

4th degree

23
Q

The process of regulations the pH, bicarbonate concentration and partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

Acid-Base Balance

24
Q

__ – represents the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

____ – substance that releases H+ ions

____ – substance that takes up H+ ions
Most important base is HCO3

A

pH

Acid

Base

25
Q

The lungs, kidneys and bone are major organs involved in __________ the acid-base balance

A

regulating

26
Q

Excess CO2 in the blood drives the equilibrium toward making _________ _____

A

Carbonic Acid H2CO3

27
Q

Excess CO2 in the blood drives the equilibrium toward making _________ _____

A

Carbonic Acid H2CO3

28
Q

_________ _____ moved from the cells hat produce it into the body fluids where it is buffered before it reaches the kidneys and is excreted

A

Metabolic Acid

29
Q

____ Buffering process by which body fluids resist large changes in pH when acids or bases are added or removed

A

Acid Buffering

30
Q

_____________
Chemical buffers, renal or respiratory function return pH within normal range
Underlying disease process still present
__________
Condition responsible for imbalance is controlled or no longer present
pH is within normal range

A

Compensation

Correction

31
Q

__________ Buffering – intracellular and extracellular proteins have negative charges and can serve as buffers for H+

__________ is an excellent intracellular blood buffer because it can bind with H+ and CO2
Hemoglobin bound to H+ becomes a weak acid

A

Protein

Hemoglobin

32
Q

_____ Buffering – the distal tubule of the kidney regulates acid-base by secreting H+ into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate

A

Renal

33
Q

Alterations in Acidosis and Alkalosis

________
Decrease Muscles & Cardiac Contractility
Vasodilation of blood vessels =
Increased blood flow & ICP

________
Increased Neuromuscular and Cardiac contractility
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels = Decreased blood and O2 delivery to brain

A

Acidosis

Alkalosis

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions