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Pathophysiology > Reproduction Exam 3 > Flashcards

Reproduction Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

__________ – normal physiologic process that occurs without incidence the majority of the time

A

Conception

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2
Q

Risk Factors

Adolescent population – reproductive high risk population

____________ – defective genes, inherited disorders

Psychosocial – smoking, excessive caffeine intake, alcohol,

Sociodemographic – low income, inadequate prenatal care

_________________ – industrial pollution, tobacco, radiation

A

Biophysical

Environmental

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3
Q

__________ Puberty - Occurs when the secondary sex characteristics develop later

Causes:
- Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (↑FSH ↑ LH)
Turner Syndrome; Klinefelter Syndrome

  • Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (↓LH, ↓FSH)
    Reversible – Physiologic delay; weight loss/anorexia; strenuous exercise
    Irreversible – ↓ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone; hypopituitarism
  • Eugonadism
    Congenital Anomalies; Androgen insensitivity syndrome
A

Delayed

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4
Q

____________ Puberty – sexual maturation occurring before 6 in African American girls; 7 in Caucasian girls and 9 in boys

_______ Precocious Puberty - Premature development of appropriate characteristics for the child’s gender

_______ Precocious Puberty - Partial development of appropriate secondary sex characteristics

_____ Precocious Puberty - Development of some secondary sex characteristics of the opposite gender

A

Precocious

Complete

Partial

Mixed

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5
Q

Primary - painful menstrual cycle in absence of pelvic disease

Secondary - result of underlying disease, such as endometriosis or PID

Pain from primary caused by increased prostaglandin levels

A

Dysmenorrhea

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6
Q

Absence of spontaneous menstruation in women of reproductive age

Primary - absence of menarche by age 15

Secondary - cessation of regular menstruation for at least 3 months in absence of pregnancy, lactation, hormone medication, or menopause

Contributing factors: PCOS, high stress, excessive exercise, malnutrition, obesity, OCPs, antipsychotic medications

A

Amenorrhea

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7
Q

Any abnormal bleeding from the uterus not associated with tumor, inflammation, or pregnancy

Hormonal insufficiency caused by an increase in endogenous or exogenous estrogen production

Most common in women who have just started their menstrual cycle and those who are perimenopausal or menopausal

Left untreated, may lead to hyperplasia and malignancy

A

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

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8
Q

____menorrhea: Cycles shorter than 3 weeks

_____menorrhea: Cycles longer than 6-7 weeks

____orrhagia: Intermenstrual bleeding or bleeding of light character irregularly between cycles

_____menorrhea: Excessive flow

___orrhea/___orrhagia: increased amount and duration of flow

_______rorrhagia: Prolonged flow associated with irregular and intermittent spotting between bleeding episodes

A

Polymenorrhea

Oligomenorrhea

Metrorrhagia

Hypermenorrhea

Menorrhe/Menorrhagia

Menometrorrhagia

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9
Q

Definitive cause unknown; possible serotonin deficiency

Deficiencies of magnesium or calcium may be cause

Other theories include alterations in endorphins and rapid hormonal shifts

A

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

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10
Q

acute inflammatory process caused by infection – many caused by sexually transmitted microorganisms

Inflammatory process leads to necrosis with repeated infections

A

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

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11
Q

Hyperplastic growth of the endometrial glands and stroma

Exact etiology unknown

Thought to be result of imbalance of estrogen and progesterone

A

Endometrial Polyps

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12
Q

Invasion of glandular endometrial tissue into the uterine myometrium

Exact etiology unknown

Thought that invasive procedures such as C-section and D&C allow endometrial tissue to invade the uterine myometrium

A

Adenomyosis

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13
Q

Exact etiology unknown

Estrogen and progesterone promote growth of these fibroids

Most common in reproductive years and regress in menopause

A

Leiomyomas

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14
Q

Benign Growths and Proliferative Conditions

__________ cysts - caused by variations of normal physiologic events

_________ cysts – transient condition in which the dominant follicle fails to rupture

______ Luteum cyst – instracystic hemorrhage in the vascularization stage

_______ Cysts – ovarian teratomas that contain elements of all three germ layers

A

Functional

Follicular

Corpus Luteum

Dermoid

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15
Q

Presence of functional endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus

A

Endometriosis

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16
Q

Vaginal tightness that causes discomfort, burning, pain, penetration problems, or complete inability to have intercourse

Exact etiology unknown

Usually linked to female anxiety or fear of intercourse

Pain with intercourse

A

Vaginismus

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17
Q

Pain with intercourse

No single etiology, but may be caused by various reproductive conditions

Pain with or after intercourse

A

Dyspareunia

18
Q

Never reaching orgasm, difficulty reaching orgasm, or substantially decreased intensity of orgasm

Primary - Never achieved orgasm; usually genetic or trauma-related

Secondary - Usually related to hypoactive sexual desire disorder

A

Orgasmic Dysfunction

19
Q

Any gestation that occurs outside of the endometrial lining, most frequently in the fallopian tube

Risk factors: damage to fallopian tubes, previous ectopic pregnancy, smoking, infertility medications, multiple sex partners, advanced maternal age, history of STI

Triad of symptoms: abdominal pain, amenorrhea, and vaginal bleeding

A

Ectopic Pregnancy

20
Q

Results from an abnormal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

Elevated hormones or androgens cause symptoms

Appear within 2 years of puberty, often includes dysfunctional uterine bleeding or amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne and infertility

Menstrual dysfunction
Anovulation
Hyperandrogenism (hirsutism and acne)

A

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

21
Q

Defined as the inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected sex

Causes – infections or inflammation, endocrine or hormonal disorders, immunologic problems in which men produce antibodies to their own sperm, environmental and lifestyle factors

Female – malfunctions of the fallopian tubes, ovaries, reproductive hormones and thyroid disorders

A

Infertility

22
Q

Pain in the breasts
Palpable mass
Nipple discharge

A

Benign Breast Disease

23
Q

Discharge of milk or milk-like substance from the breast

Systemic findings may include: headache, changes in weight/appetite, history of thyroid or endocrine disorder, visual changes

A

Galactorrhea

24
Q

Most often appear within 4-6 weeks after childbirth

Local tenderness, swelling, warmth, erythema, and consistent or intermittent pain in one breast while breastfeeding

Flu-like symptoms, fever, chills, body aches, headache, loss of appetite

A

Mastitis

25
Q

May be asymptomatic in early disease

Changes in size or shape of breast, skin changes (dimpling, inverted nipple, thickening of skin, red and scaly rash)

Blood-tinged nipple discharge, red and scaly nipples, ulceration of breast tissue

Mass felt in breast or axillary tissue that is hard, fixed, and nonmobile

A

Breast Cancer

26
Q

Both are congenital abnormalities of the penis found in newborns

Hypospadias: Meatus develops on the ventral (underneath) part of the penis

Epispadias: Rare defect where the meatus develops on the dorsal (upper) part of the penis

A

Hypospadias and Epispadias

27
Q

Disorders of the foreskin of the penis

_______: Condition where the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans penis
_______: Irretractable foreskin of the penis

____________: Occurs in uncircumcised or partially circumcised males when the retracted foreskin is trapped behind the coronal sulcus
____________: Swollen and painful glans penis in a client who is circumcised or partially circumcised

A

Phimosis and Paraphimosis

28
Q

Prolonged erection that continues for hours

Painful condition of blood not being able to leave the penis

Uncommon in the general population but more common in males with sickle cell disease

Other causes: blood disorders, prescription medications (antidepressants and blood thinners), erectile dysfunction medications, spider and scorpion bites, spinal cord injury, gout, penile cancer

A

Priapism

29
Q

Caused by fibrous plaque that affects the tunica albuginea, causing the penis to curve or bend

Etiology is unknown, but may involve prior injury to the penis or an autoimmune disease

Bend in the penis causes painful erections

A

Peyronie Disease

30
Q

Most common male sexual disorder

Inability to maintain or sustain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory intercourse

Occurs in men of all ages and may be chronic, intermittent, or episodic

A disruption of the normal neurovascular event requiring functional autonomic and somatic nerves, smooth and striated muscles in the penile shaft and pelvic floor, and adequate arterial blood flow

A

Erectile Dysfunction

31
Q

____________: Inflammation of the epididymis; may be acute or chronic; infectious process but difficult to identify the infectious agent
____________: Pain and swelling over several days

________: Inflammation of one or both of the testes; may be caused by a viral or bacterial infection; viral cases usually from STIs and bacterial usually occurs in sexually active men with BPH
________: Sudden symptoms and include swelling in one or both testicles, pain, tenderness, fever, nausea, and vomiting

A

Epididymitis

Orchitis

32
Q

Spermatic cord twists within the testicle, cutting off blood supply to the ipsilateral testis

Medical emergency

Intravaginal: The tunica vaginalis is genetically set too high, allowing the spermatic cord to rotate

Extravaginal: The tunica vaginalis is not yet firmly secured, the tunica vaginalis and spermatic cord twist as a unit; most often occurs in newborns

A

Testicular Torsion

33
Q

Male Disorders - Urethra

Urethritis – inflammatory process often caused by a sexually transmitted microorganism
Symptoms – itching, burning, frequency and urgency

Urethral Stricture – narrowing of the urethra caused by scarring – likely due to trauma
Symptoms – diminished force and caliber of urine stream

A

Study

34
Q

Male Disorders - Penis

_________ – inflammation of the glans penis

__________ – abnormal dilation of the testicular vein and the pampiniform plexus within the scrotum

_________ – collection of fluid between the layers of tunica vaginalis (most common cause of scrotal swelling)

A

Balanitis

Varicocele

Hydrocele

35
Q

Impairment of any or all of the processes of: erection, emission and ejaculation

Causes –

  • Chronic diseases and their treatment
  • Low energy levels, stress or depression
  • Chemical –alcohol and other CNS depressants, anti-hypertensives, anti-histamines and hormonal preparations.
A

Sexual Dysfunction

36
Q

Healthy Pregnancy

Pregnancy spans 9 months or 10 lunar months

40 weeks or 280 days

3 Trimesters (1 – 13; 14 – 26; 27 – 40)

Pregnancy is considered term if it advances to the completion of __ weeks

Blood volume increases by 30 – 45%
The need for Na increases

Decrease is systemic vascular resistance = reduced blood pressure

___ increases 20 – 30%

___ increases in the second trimester and peaks in the third trimester

A

37

RBC

WBC

37
Q

_______ Labor - Regular contractions that is accompanied by cervical dilation and effacement

_______ Birth – any birth that occurs between 20 0/7 and 36 6/7

A

Preterm

38
Q

Infection is the only definitive association factor of PTL/PTB

Other Causes: periodontal disease; bleeding at the site of implantation; stress; uterine overdistention; allergic reaction; decrease in progesterone

Risk Factors: poverty; lack of education; lack of access to prenatal care; genetics

Clinical monitoring: cervical length; fetal fibronectin test

Although preterm birth is often not preventable, early recognition is still essential

A

Preterm Labor/Delivery

39
Q

Pregnancy that ends as a result of natural causes before 20 weeks gestation

Approximately 10 – 15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage

Types: 1) threatened; 2) inevitable; 3) incomplete; 4) complete; 5) missed

_____ loss (<12 weeks gestation)
25% are due to chromosomal abnormalities
Endocrine imbalance
Immunologic factors

\_\_\_\_ loss (12 – 20 weeks)
Risk factors – race, ethnicity, pregnancy history; obesity; alcohol use; caffeine

CM: presence of uterine bleeding; uterine contractions or abdominal pain
If occurs prior to the 6th week a woman may report a heavy period

Treatment: Delivery; Medication Management; D & C

A

Spontaneous Abortion

Early

Late

40
Q

?

Causes – direct trauma (childbirth), pelvic floor surgery, damage to pelvic innervation

Symptoms – urinary frequency; incontinence, constipation; urgency; vaginal, bladder, rectal pain; lower back pain

Treatment – 
Isometric exercises (Kegel)
Estrogen
Surgery
Weight Loss
Avoidance of constipation

____ocele – descent of the bladder an anterior vaginal canal

_____rocele – sagging of the urethra

____ocele – bulging of the rectum and posterior vaginal wall into the vaginal canal

_____ocele – herniation of the rectouterine pouch into the rectovaginal septum

A

Pelvic Organ Prolapse

Cystocele

Urethrocele

Rectocele

Enterocele

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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