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Pathophysiology > Sensory Perception > Flashcards

Sensory Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Memory: ON
Smell reception and interpretation
(Sensory)

A

Olfactory

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2
Q

Memory: Occasion
Visual acuity and visual fields
(Sensory)

A

Optic

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3
Q

Memory: Our
Raising eyelids, extraocular movements, pupillary constriction
(Motor)

A

Oculomotor

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4
Q

Memory: Trusty
Downward and inward eye movement
(Motor)

A

Trochlear

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5
Q

Memory: Truck
Jaw opening and closing, light touch sensation to the eye, forehead, nose, mouth, teeth, ear, and face
(Sensory and Motor)

A

Trigeminal

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6
Q

Memory: Funny
Controls most facial expressions and senses taste
(Sensory and Motor)

A

Facial

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7
Q

Memory: Acts
Eye movement laterally
(Motor)

A

Abducens

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8
Q

Memory: Very
Hearing and equilibrium
(Sensory)

A

Vestibulocochlear

aka acoustic

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9
Q

Memory: Good
Swallowing and speaking, gag reflex, taste
(Sensory and Motor)

A

Glossopharyngeal

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10
Q

Memory: Vehicle
Sensation behind ear and portion of external ear canal, secretion of digestive enzymes, peristalsis
(Sensory and Motor)

A

Vagus

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11
Q

Memory: Any
Turn head and shrug shoulders
(Motor)

A

Accessory

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12
Q

Memory: How
Tongue movement, speech, and swallowing
(Motor)

A

Hypoglossal

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13
Q

is abnormal deviation of one eye while trying to focus on an object.

A

Strabismus

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14
Q

is reduction of vision in the affected eye (loss of part of the visual field)

A

Amblyopia

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15
Q

is double vision.

A

Diplopia

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16
Q

is involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes.

A

Nystagmus

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17
Q

is characterized by intraocular pressure greater than __ to __ mmHg with death of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. The three types include:

A

Glaucoma

12 to 20

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18
Q

i. Outflow obstruction of aqueous humor at trabecular meshwork or Canal of Schlemm, even with adequate space for drainage = increased intraocular pressure
ii. Inherited and insidious (no early signs and symptoms)
iii. Leading cause of blindness

A

Open Angle Glaucoma

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19
Q

i. Displacement of the iris toward the cornea with obstruction of the trabecular meshwork and obstruction of outflow of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber
ii. Occurs more acutely causing pain

A

Close Angel Glaucoma

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20
Q

_______ degeneration is caused by degeneration of the macula; there is _____ vision loss, not peripheral, and it is irreversible.

A

Macular

Central

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21
Q

Common cause of legal blindness, especially in older adults.

Risk Factors

i. Age >60
ii. Hypertension
iii. Smoking
iv. Diabetes mellitus

A

Macular Degeneration

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22
Q

Types of Macular Degeneration

A

Atrophic and Neovascular

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23
Q

is due to slow and progressive accumulation of drusen in the retina

A

Atrophic (dry)

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24
Q

is more severe and is due to accumulation of dursen and abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage of blood or serum

A

Neovascular (wet)

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25
Q

is clouding of the vision that is due to electrolyte/protein changes in the lens that eventually leads to opacity of the lens.

a. Sings/symptoms: cloudy lens, __________
b. Can be prevented by wearing sunglasses

A

Cataract

Photophobia

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26
Q

is a tear in the retina that allows virteous humor to enter, thus separating the retina from the epithelium
= ________ blood supply
= retinal death
a. The main symptom is seeing ________

A

Retinal detachment

decreased

floaters

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27
Q

is nearsightedness due to light rays being focused in front of the retina when looking at distant objects.

A

Myopia

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28
Q

is farsightedness due to light rays being focused behind the retina when looking at near objects.

A

Hyperopia

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29
Q

is farsightedness related to the loss of lens accommodation (lens becomes larger and less *elastic so near vision is reduced) and occurs with increased age.

A

Presbyopia

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30
Q

is inflammation of the conjunctiva that is caused by bacteria, viruses, allergies, or chemicals. It is contagious, painful, and causes ________ of the eye.

A

Conjunctivitis

redness

31
Q

is an infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids; also known as a stye.

A

Hordeolum

32
Q

hearing loss is due to a change in the outer or middle ear impairs conduction of sound from the external ear to the middle ear. A main cause of conductive hearing loss is impacted _______ but may also be caused by fluid, pus, or a foreign object.

a. Etiologies: otitis externa, otitis media, otosclerosis, mastoiditis

A

Conductive

cerumen

33
Q

hearing loss is hearing loss due to problems with the inner ear or central connections. The most common form is PRESBYCUSIS, which is caused by atrophy of the Oran of Corti (loss of hair cells).

A

Sensorineural

34
Q

__________ may need referrals if:

a. Sudden onset (may be a hemmorrhage)
b. Onset after age 40
c. Occurs with fever, rash, or stiff neck (may be infection)
d. Recent trauma
e. Loss of speech, motor, or sensory function
f. Increasing intensity or frequency

A

Headaches

35
Q
  1. A TIA s a transient ischemic attack that occurs for brief amount of time, resolves within an ____, is __________, and may lead to CVA.
A

hour

reversible

36
Q
  1. A CVA is a cerebrovascular accident that is a sudden neurological deficit with evidence of _______; it has ___________ damage.

A _________ is the ischemic zone around an infarction that is at risk for becoming infarcted if it is not reperfused.

A

infarction - obstruction of blood supply to an organ.

irreversible

penumbra

37
Q
  1. A CVA may be due to a ________, an embolus, ___________ (preceded by a severe headache), or a spasm or tumor.
A

thrombus

embolus

hemorrhage

38
Q
  1. Risks for TIA and CVA:

a. ______________!!! - stroke out!!!
b. Carotid bruit
c. Family history
d. African American
e. Smoking
f. Diabetes
g. ________ TIA or CVA
h. Coagulation disorders
i. Sickle cell disease
j. Aneurysms
k. Alcohol use
l. Oral ___________ especially combined with smoking
m. Atrial fibrillation

A

Hypertension

Previous

contraceptives

39
Q

A patient with a _ _ _ may have:

a. Altered level of consciousness
i. Sudden confusion, lethargy, obtundation, or coma
b. *Contralateral hemiparesis
i. Weakness of *opposite side of the body (if on left side of brain then right side of body is affected)
c. Contralateral hemiplegia
i. Paralysis on the side of the body that is opposite the side of body
d. Dysphagia
i. Difficulty swallowing
e. Speech changes
i. Dysarthria: impaired articulation
ii. Dysphasia: impaired comprehension and production
iii. Aphasia: loss of word comprehension and/or production
f. Visual changes
i. Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (both eyes can only see on the side opposite of the side affected in the brain)
g. Sensory deficit
h. Sudden, severe headache

A

CVA

40
Q

A patient with a CVA may have:

Altered level of ___________

i. Sudden confusion, lethargy, obtundation, or coma

A

consciousness

41
Q

A patient with a CVA may have:

Contralateral ___________

i. Weakness of opposite side of the body (if CVA on left side of brain then right side of body is affected)

A

hemiparesis

42
Q

A patient with a CVA may have:

Contralateral ___________

i. Paralysis on the side of the body that is opposite the side of the CVA

A

hemiplegia

43
Q

A patient with a CVA may have:

_________

i. Difficulty swallowing

A

Dysphagia

44
Q

A patient with a CVA may have:

Speech changes

i. __________: impaired articulation
ii. _________: impaired comprehension and production
iii. _______: loss of word comprehension and/or production

A

Dysarthria

Dysphasia

Aphasia

45
Q

A patient with a CVA may have:

______ changes
i. Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (both eyes can only see on the side opposite of the side affected in the brain)

A

Visual

46
Q

A patient with a CVA may have:

_______ deficit

A

Sensory

47
Q

A patient with a CVA may have:

______, severe headache

A

Sudden

48
Q
  1. Types of posturing include:

___________ posturing so the person’s arms are pulled up and in.

__________ posture is when the upper and lower extremeties are extended.

Decorticate and decerebrate is a mix so one side is pulled up and the other side is extended.

_________ is the gravest of the posturing.

A

Decorticate

Decerebrate

Flaccidity

49
Q

A _________ is a sudden, explosive disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons and is characterized by a sudden, transient alteration in brain function.

Causes:

i. Lesions
ii. Vascular and/or degenerative changes
iii. Trauma
iv. Fevers
v. Infections
vi. Hypoxia
vii. Hypercarbia
viii. Acid base imbalance
ix. Electrolyte _________
x. Sudden withdrawal from stimulants or depressants

A

seizure

Imbalance

50
Q

(Seizure)

A __________ is the jerky, contract-relax movement associated with some seizers

A

convulsion

51
Q

(Seizure)

is idiopathic condition of recurrent seizures

A

Epilepsy

52
Q

An ____ is the experience prior to the seizure that includes gustatory, visual, or auditory sensations and/or a “funny feeling”

A

aura

53
Q

_________ are the early clinical manifestations like malaise and headache that occur hours to days before the onset of a seizure

A

Prodroma

54
Q

_____ phase is a state of muscle contraction in which there is excessive muscle tone

A

Tonic

55
Q

phase is a state of alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles.

A

Clonic

56
Q

phase is the time period immediately following cessation of seizure activity; patients in this phase are usually very tired.

A

Postictal

57
Q

Spinal cord Injuries

a. Death: C_-C_
b. ____________: C3-T1
c. Paraplegia: _____ T2

A

C1-C2

Quadriplegia

Below

58
Q

Cerebral palsy is a _______________ motor impairment characterized by lethargy, irritability, and motor dysfunction

A

non-progressive

59
Q

___________ disease is due to an imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine. The dopamine producing cells degenerate so there is a DECREASE in dopamine and therefore a relative increase in acetylcholine.

Parkinson’s Classic Triad:

i. Bradykinesia
ii. Rigidity
iii. Tremor at rest

A

Parkinson’s

60
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease is a type of ________ that causes severe cognitive dysfunction in older persons (risk increases with increased age). It is a progressive disease that
begins with _____ term memory loss in stage 1

then increased short term deficits, progression to ____-term memory loss, and depression in stage 2

then severe deterioration of mental functions, inability to perform ADLs, and possible combativeness in stage 3.

A

dementia

short

long

inability

61
Q

Opacity of lens, curable blindness

A

Cataracts

62
Q

Common cause blindness, loss central vision

A

Age related macular degeneration

63
Q

Intraocular pressures greater than 12-20 mmHg with death of retinal ganglion cells and their axons

A

Glaucoma

64
Q

Obstruct trabecular meshwork > ^ IOP > blind

A

Open Angle Glaucoma

65
Q

Abnormal deviation of one eye when focusing on an object

A

Strabismus

66
Q

Narrowing of angle > ^ IOP > blind

A

Closed Angle Glaucoma

67
Q

Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes

A

Nystagmus

68
Q

Double Vision

A

Diplopia

69
Q

Sudden floaters, loss peripheral vision, retinal death

A

Retinal Detachment

70
Q

Age related-elder, damage organ of corti

A

Presbycusis

71
Q

Most common conductive child hearing loss

A

Otitis Media

72
Q

Conductive loss, fixation of stapes

A

Otosclerosis

73
Q

Sensoineural loss, vertigo, tinnitus, nausea

A

Meniere’s Disease

74
Q

Causes conductive hearing loss

A

Cerumen

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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