Sensory Perception Flashcards
Memory: ON
Smell reception and interpretation
(Sensory)
Olfactory
Memory: Occasion
Visual acuity and visual fields
(Sensory)
Optic
Memory: Our
Raising eyelids, extraocular movements, pupillary constriction
(Motor)
Oculomotor
Memory: Trusty
Downward and inward eye movement
(Motor)
Trochlear
Memory: Truck
Jaw opening and closing, light touch sensation to the eye, forehead, nose, mouth, teeth, ear, and face
(Sensory and Motor)
Trigeminal
Memory: Funny
Controls most facial expressions and senses taste
(Sensory and Motor)
Facial
Memory: Acts
Eye movement laterally
(Motor)
Abducens
Memory: Very
Hearing and equilibrium
(Sensory)
Vestibulocochlear
aka acoustic
Memory: Good
Swallowing and speaking, gag reflex, taste
(Sensory and Motor)
Glossopharyngeal
Memory: Vehicle
Sensation behind ear and portion of external ear canal, secretion of digestive enzymes, peristalsis
(Sensory and Motor)
Vagus
Memory: Any
Turn head and shrug shoulders
(Motor)
Accessory
Memory: How
Tongue movement, speech, and swallowing
(Motor)
Hypoglossal
is abnormal deviation of one eye while trying to focus on an object.
Strabismus
is reduction of vision in the affected eye (loss of part of the visual field)
Amblyopia
is double vision.
Diplopia
is involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes.
Nystagmus
is characterized by intraocular pressure greater than __ to __ mmHg with death of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. The three types include:
Glaucoma
12 to 20
i. Outflow obstruction of aqueous humor at trabecular meshwork or Canal of Schlemm, even with adequate space for drainage = increased intraocular pressure
ii. Inherited and insidious (no early signs and symptoms)
iii. Leading cause of blindness
Open Angle Glaucoma
i. Displacement of the iris toward the cornea with obstruction of the trabecular meshwork and obstruction of outflow of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber
ii. Occurs more acutely causing pain
Close Angel Glaucoma
_______ degeneration is caused by degeneration of the macula; there is _____ vision loss, not peripheral, and it is irreversible.
Macular
Central
Common cause of legal blindness, especially in older adults.
Risk Factors
i. Age >60
ii. Hypertension
iii. Smoking
iv. Diabetes mellitus
Macular Degeneration
Types of Macular Degeneration
Atrophic and Neovascular
is due to slow and progressive accumulation of drusen in the retina
Atrophic (dry)
is more severe and is due to accumulation of dursen and abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage of blood or serum
Neovascular (wet)
is clouding of the vision that is due to electrolyte/protein changes in the lens that eventually leads to opacity of the lens.
a. Sings/symptoms: cloudy lens, __________
b. Can be prevented by wearing sunglasses
Cataract
Photophobia
is a tear in the retina that allows virteous humor to enter, thus separating the retina from the epithelium
= ________ blood supply
= retinal death
a. The main symptom is seeing ________
Retinal detachment
decreased
floaters
is nearsightedness due to light rays being focused in front of the retina when looking at distant objects.
Myopia
is farsightedness due to light rays being focused behind the retina when looking at near objects.
Hyperopia
is farsightedness related to the loss of lens accommodation (lens becomes larger and less *elastic so near vision is reduced) and occurs with increased age.
Presbyopia
is inflammation of the conjunctiva that is caused by bacteria, viruses, allergies, or chemicals. It is contagious, painful, and causes ________ of the eye.
Conjunctivitis
redness
is an infection of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids; also known as a stye.
Hordeolum
hearing loss is due to a change in the outer or middle ear impairs conduction of sound from the external ear to the middle ear. A main cause of conductive hearing loss is impacted _______ but may also be caused by fluid, pus, or a foreign object.
a. Etiologies: otitis externa, otitis media, otosclerosis, mastoiditis
Conductive
cerumen
hearing loss is hearing loss due to problems with the inner ear or central connections. The most common form is PRESBYCUSIS, which is caused by atrophy of the Oran of Corti (loss of hair cells).
Sensorineural
__________ may need referrals if:
a. Sudden onset (may be a hemmorrhage)
b. Onset after age 40
c. Occurs with fever, rash, or stiff neck (may be infection)
d. Recent trauma
e. Loss of speech, motor, or sensory function
f. Increasing intensity or frequency
Headaches
- A TIA s a transient ischemic attack that occurs for brief amount of time, resolves within an ____, is __________, and may lead to CVA.
hour
reversible
- A CVA is a cerebrovascular accident that is a sudden neurological deficit with evidence of _______; it has ___________ damage.
A _________ is the ischemic zone around an infarction that is at risk for becoming infarcted if it is not reperfused.
infarction - obstruction of blood supply to an organ.
irreversible
penumbra
- A CVA may be due to a ________, an embolus, ___________ (preceded by a severe headache), or a spasm or tumor.
thrombus
embolus
hemorrhage
- Risks for TIA and CVA:
a. ______________!!! - stroke out!!!
b. Carotid bruit
c. Family history
d. African American
e. Smoking
f. Diabetes
g. ________ TIA or CVA
h. Coagulation disorders
i. Sickle cell disease
j. Aneurysms
k. Alcohol use
l. Oral ___________ especially combined with smoking
m. Atrial fibrillation
Hypertension
Previous
contraceptives
A patient with a _ _ _ may have:
a. Altered level of consciousness
i. Sudden confusion, lethargy, obtundation, or coma
b. *Contralateral hemiparesis
i. Weakness of *opposite side of the body (if on left side of brain then right side of body is affected)
c. Contralateral hemiplegia
i. Paralysis on the side of the body that is opposite the side of body
d. Dysphagia
i. Difficulty swallowing
e. Speech changes
i. Dysarthria: impaired articulation
ii. Dysphasia: impaired comprehension and production
iii. Aphasia: loss of word comprehension and/or production
f. Visual changes
i. Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (both eyes can only see on the side opposite of the side affected in the brain)
g. Sensory deficit
h. Sudden, severe headache
CVA
A patient with a CVA may have:
Altered level of ___________
i. Sudden confusion, lethargy, obtundation, or coma
consciousness
A patient with a CVA may have:
Contralateral ___________
i. Weakness of opposite side of the body (if CVA on left side of brain then right side of body is affected)
hemiparesis
A patient with a CVA may have:
Contralateral ___________
i. Paralysis on the side of the body that is opposite the side of the CVA
hemiplegia
A patient with a CVA may have:
_________
i. Difficulty swallowing
Dysphagia
A patient with a CVA may have:
Speech changes
i. __________: impaired articulation
ii. _________: impaired comprehension and production
iii. _______: loss of word comprehension and/or production
Dysarthria
Dysphasia
Aphasia
A patient with a CVA may have:
______ changes
i. Contralateral homonymous hemianopia (both eyes can only see on the side opposite of the side affected in the brain)
Visual
A patient with a CVA may have:
_______ deficit
Sensory
A patient with a CVA may have:
______, severe headache
Sudden
- Types of posturing include:
___________ posturing so the person’s arms are pulled up and in.
__________ posture is when the upper and lower extremeties are extended.
Decorticate and decerebrate is a mix so one side is pulled up and the other side is extended.
_________ is the gravest of the posturing.
Decorticate
Decerebrate
Flaccidity
A _________ is a sudden, explosive disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons and is characterized by a sudden, transient alteration in brain function.
Causes:
i. Lesions
ii. Vascular and/or degenerative changes
iii. Trauma
iv. Fevers
v. Infections
vi. Hypoxia
vii. Hypercarbia
viii. Acid base imbalance
ix. Electrolyte _________
x. Sudden withdrawal from stimulants or depressants
seizure
Imbalance
(Seizure)
A __________ is the jerky, contract-relax movement associated with some seizers
convulsion
(Seizure)
is idiopathic condition of recurrent seizures
Epilepsy
An ____ is the experience prior to the seizure that includes gustatory, visual, or auditory sensations and/or a “funny feeling”
aura
_________ are the early clinical manifestations like malaise and headache that occur hours to days before the onset of a seizure
Prodroma
_____ phase is a state of muscle contraction in which there is excessive muscle tone
Tonic
phase is a state of alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles.
Clonic
phase is the time period immediately following cessation of seizure activity; patients in this phase are usually very tired.
Postictal
Spinal cord Injuries
a. Death: C_-C_
b. ____________: C3-T1
c. Paraplegia: _____ T2
C1-C2
Quadriplegia
Below
Cerebral palsy is a _______________ motor impairment characterized by lethargy, irritability, and motor dysfunction
non-progressive
___________ disease is due to an imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine. The dopamine producing cells degenerate so there is a DECREASE in dopamine and therefore a relative increase in acetylcholine.
Parkinson’s Classic Triad:
i. Bradykinesia
ii. Rigidity
iii. Tremor at rest
Parkinson’s
Alzheimer’s Disease is a type of ________ that causes severe cognitive dysfunction in older persons (risk increases with increased age). It is a progressive disease that
begins with _____ term memory loss in stage 1
then increased short term deficits, progression to ____-term memory loss, and depression in stage 2
then severe deterioration of mental functions, inability to perform ADLs, and possible combativeness in stage 3.
dementia
short
long
inability
Opacity of lens, curable blindness
Cataracts
Common cause blindness, loss central vision
Age related macular degeneration
Intraocular pressures greater than 12-20 mmHg with death of retinal ganglion cells and their axons
Glaucoma
Obstruct trabecular meshwork > ^ IOP > blind
Open Angle Glaucoma
Abnormal deviation of one eye when focusing on an object
Strabismus
Narrowing of angle > ^ IOP > blind
Closed Angle Glaucoma
Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic movement of the eyes
Nystagmus
Double Vision
Diplopia
Sudden floaters, loss peripheral vision, retinal death
Retinal Detachment
Age related-elder, damage organ of corti
Presbycusis
Most common conductive child hearing loss
Otitis Media
Conductive loss, fixation of stapes
Otosclerosis
Sensoineural loss, vertigo, tinnitus, nausea
Meniere’s Disease
Causes conductive hearing loss
Cerumen
