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Anatomy > Shoulder/upper arm (+muscles) > Flashcards

Shoulder/upper arm (+muscles) Flashcards

1
Q

olecranon fossa is at the back of humerus what fossa(s) is at the front

A

coronoid and radius

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2
Q

what articulates with the ulnar and radius on the humerus

A

ulnar - trochlear

capitulum - radius

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3
Q

3 ligaments between clavicle and sternum

A

anterior sternoclavicular

costoclavicular

interclavicular

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4
Q

ligaments between clavicle and scapula

A

acromioclavicular ligament

coracoclavicular ligament:
-trapezoid ligament
-conoid ligament
(the 2 strongest ligaments providing support and attachment for upper limb)

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5
Q

what is glenoid labrum

A

fibrocartilaginous structure that forms a ring around glenoid fossa to deepen the socket - increasing the stability/congruity of the glenohumeral joint

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6
Q

what is subacromial bursa

A

sack of synovial fluid within subacromial space between supraspinatus muscle and coracoacromial ligament, it prevents friction and ensures smooth movement of supraspinatus muscle

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7
Q

transverse humeral ligament

A

between the greater and lesser tubercles of humerus

creates a intertubucular canal that the long head of biceps brachii goes through (keeps it in place)

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8
Q

What movements normally occur at the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints?

A

Acromioclavicular:
anterior/posterior gliding of acromion during pronation/retraction of scapula

Rotation of clavicle - occurs during abduction and adduction of shoulder

Sternoclavicular:
anterior, posterior & vertical movement of clavicle, limited rotation

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9
Q

Which part of the fibrous capsule of glenohumeral joint is most loose?

A

Inferior part

Increases risk of inferior dislocation

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10
Q

What are the roles of the acromion and coracoacromial ligament in maintaining gleno- humeral stability?

A

Limit superior movement of the humeral head and abduction of arm

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11
Q

in which direction is humeral dislocation most common

A

downward

(Anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint is usually caused by excessive extension and lateral rotation of the humerus. It occurs most often in young particularly athletes.)

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12
Q

glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket, what kind of joint is the elbow

A

hinge (synovial)

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13
Q

annular ligament

A

around head of radius

stabilising radio-ulnar joint

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14
Q

What movements occur at the humeroradial, humeroulnar, and proximal radioulnar joints?

A

Humeroradial:
flexion + extension

Humeroulnar:
flexion + extension

Proximal radioulnar:
supination + pronation

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15
Q

What is the anatomical relationship between the epicondyles and olecranon process in elbow extension and flexion

A

extension - between the epicondyles

flexion - olecranon inferior the epicondyles

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16
Q

lateral and medial epicondylitis

A

lateral = tennis elbow

  • radial nerve injury risk
  • pain posterior forearm
  • repetitive forceful flexion/extension of wrist /lateral epicondyle

medial = golfer’s elbow

  • ulnar nerve injury risk
  • anterior forearm pain
  • repetitive gripping/flexing/swinging
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17
Q

Subluxation and Dislocation of the Radial Head

A

sublimation = incomplete dislocation

usually in young children

tear of annular ligament –> radial head move distally out

proximal part of torn ligament may get trapped between radial head and capitulum of humerus

treatment = supination of forearm during elbow flexion

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18
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

Roots, Trunks(superior, middle, inferior), Divisions(Anterior, posterior), Cords(lateral, posterior, medial), Branches

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19
Q

what do the branches of the brachial plexus supply and what are their roots

A

musculocutenaous (C5,6,7)
-biceps brachii

Axillary (C5,6)

  • delotoid
  • teres minor

median(C6,7,8,T1)

  • forearm flexors
  • thenar muscles
  • 2 lateral finger flexors

radial(all)

  • posterior extensor muscles
  • triceps brachii

ulnar (C8, T1)

  • forearm extensors
  • medial finger flexors
20
Q

winged scapula is a consequence of which nerve damage

A

long thoracic (C5,6,7)

supplying the serratus anterior

21
Q

consequence of damaging axillary nerve

A

can’t abduct arm between 15-90 degrees

up to 15 = supraspinatous

22
Q

what causes superior and inferior brachial plexus injuries

A

superior is more common

  • increased angle between neck and shoulder
  • eg. accident where neck and shoulder seperate

inferior
-upper limb is suddenly pulled superiorly (eg. grabbing onto something as you fall)

23
Q

when does subclavian become axillary and then brachial artery

A

becomes axillary at 1st rib

brachial after lower margin of teres major

24
Q

what muscle divides the axillary into 3 parts

A

pectoralis minor
1st- above
2nd - behind
3rd - below

25
Q

branches of axillary artery

A

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  • superior thoracic
  • thoracoacromial
  • lateral thoracic
  • subscapular
  • anterior humeral circumflex
  • posterior humeral circumflex
26
Q

muscles that make up rotator cuff

A

SITS

origin

  • supraspinatous (supraspinous fossa)
  • infraspinatous (infraspinous fossa)
  • teres MINOR (posterior lateral border of scapula)
  • subscapularis (subscapula fossa)

all supplied by sub scapular nerve (C5,6) except teres minor (axillary nerve C4-6)

all insert to greater tubercle of humerus except subscapularis (lesser)

supraspinatus tendon is the most commonly torn part of the rotator cuff, likely because it is relatively avascular.

27
Q

testing for supraspinatous and infraspinatous muscle problems

A

both are responsible for abducting arm

test for resisting abduction of 20degrees = supraspinatous(/infra)

infraspinatous = externally rotates humerus
problem with externally rotating humerus = infraspinatous

28
Q

what muscles form the borders of axillary fold

+their origin/insertion

A

anterior =
pectoralis major
-medial clavicle, sternum, first 6 costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal obliques
-inserts in greater tubercle crest of humerus

posterior =
latissimus dorsi
-spinous process of T7-12, iliac crest, 9-12th ribs
-intertubucular crest of humerus

teres major
-posterior inferior angle of scapula to lesser humeral tubercle crest

29
Q

muscles for arm abduction

A

deltoid (15-90)
supraspinatous (up to 15)
trapezius

30
Q

muscles for arm adduction

A

pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
latissimus dorsi
teres major

31
Q

muscles for arm flexion

A

Pectoralis Major
Coracobrachialis
Biceps Brachii
Deltoid (Anterior fibres)

32
Q

muscles for arm extension

A

Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major
Long head of triceps
Posterior fibres of deltoid

33
Q

muscles for internal arm rotation

A 
Subscapularis
Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major
Pectoralise Major
Deltoid (Anterior Fibres)
34
Q

muscles for lateral arm rotation

A

Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Deltoid

35
Q

deltoid

A

origin

  • lateral 1/3rd clavicle
  • acromion
  • spine of scapula

insertion
-deltoid tuberosity of humerus

axillary nerve (C5,6)

36
Q

pectoralis minor

A

origin
-anterior ribs 3-5

insert
-coracoid process of scapula

action

  • protraction
  • downward rotation of pectoral
37
Q

insertion/action difference of trees major and minor

A

major - lower crest of lesser tubercle
(adduction/internal rotation/extension)

minor - greater tubercle
(lateral rotation)

38
Q

biceps brachii

A

musculocuteanous nerve (C5,6)

flexion and supination

long head
-supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

short head
-coracoid process of scapula

both heads converge to biceps brachii tendon —inserts–> radial tuberosity

39
Q

triceps brachii

A

lateral head
-posterior humerus superior to radial groove

medial head
-infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

converge to triceps brachii tendon —–inserts—> olecranon of ulna

radial nerve

40
Q

coracobrachialis

A

origin: coracoid process
insertion: middle of medial humerus
action: (adduction/) flexion

musculocuteanous nerve (C5-7)

41
Q

trapezius

A

origin

  • occipital bone
  • spinous process C7-T12

insertion

  • posterior, lateral 3rd clavicle
  • acromion
  • spine of scapula

action

  • elevates
  • depresses
  • retracts
  • upwardly rotates pectoral
  • extends and laterally flexes head/neck

acessory nerve

42
Q

serratus anterior

A

origin
-external surfaces of first 9 ribs

insertion
-medial border of scapula (inside/anterior side)

action
-protracts and upwardly rotates pectoral girdle

long thoracic

43
Q

SCM

A

origin

  • sternal head (Manubrium)
  • medial third of clavicle

insertion
-mastoid process

action

  • flexing head laterally (ipsilateral)
  • rotating head (contralateral side)

accessory nerve (CN XI)

44
Q

rhomboids

A

minor
-spinous process C7-T1

major
-spinous process T2-T5

both inserts into medial border of scapula (minor adjacent and major inferior to the scapula spine level)

action

  • retraction
  • downwardly rotate pectoral girdle

dorsal scapular nerve C4-5

45
Q

levator scapulae

A

origin
-transverse process C1-4

insertion

  • superior angle of scapula
  • medial border of scapula superior to spine of scapula level

action

  • elevate and downwardly rotate pectoral girdle
  • extend and laterally flex neck at cervical vertebral joints

Anatomy (12 decks)

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