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Anatomy > Head and Neck (SEM 2) > Flashcards

Head and Neck (SEM 2) Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones in the skull and how many teeth

A

22 bones

32 teeth

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2
Q

cranial fractures

A

The convexity of the cranial vault distributes and there by minimizes the effects of a blow to it.

Linear cranial fractures, the most frequent type,
(usually occur at the point of impact, but other fracture lines often radiate away from it)

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3
Q

mandible fractures

A

usually involves two fractures that occur on opposite sides (butterfly fracture).

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4
Q

gomphosis joint

A

teeth and mandible

fibrous joint

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5
Q

temporomandibular joint type

A

synovial joint (modified-hinge type)

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6
Q

masseter

lateral and medial pterygoid

A

all innervated by mandibular nerve (3rd branch of trigeminal)

masseter(superficial and deep)

  • elevation
  • zygomatic arch–>angle of mandible ramus
  • masseteric nerve

lateral pterygoid(superior and inferior head)

  • depression(opening jaw)
  • protusion and side to side with medial
  • inserts: condyle of mandible/TMJ

medial

  • elevation and protrusion(forward)
  • inserts: medial(inner) surface of angle of ramus
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7
Q

where does temporalis muscle insert and innervation

A

coronoid process of mandible

temporal nerve of facial

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8
Q

excessive contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscles

A

may cause the heads of the mandibles to dislocate anteriorly, by passing anterior to the articular tubercles.

In this position, the mandible remains depressed and the person may not be able to close their mouth

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9
Q

TMJ degenerative arthritis

A

joint may lead to abnormal function and result instructural problems such as dental occlusion, and joint clicking (crepitus).

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10
Q

Orbicularis oculi

2 parts

A

orbital obicularis

palpebral orbicularis

  • action: closes eyelids
  • temporal/zygomatic branches of facial
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11
Q

list the facial muscles (muscles for facial expressions)

A
  • frontal belly of occiptovfrontalis
  • orbicularis oculi (orbital+palpebral parts)
  • procerus
  • buccinator
  • nasalis (transverse + alar)
  • orbicularis oris
  • levator labii superioris
  • Levator labii superioris alaque nasi
  • Zygomaticus minor
  • Risorius
  • Zygomaticus major
  • Depressor labii inferioris
  • Depressor anguli oris
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12
Q

what does the facial artery branch from and where does the facial vein empty into

A

artery from external carotid

vein into internal jugular

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13
Q

what vein joins the facial vein to the cavernous sinus

A

superior ophthalmic vein

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14
Q

clinical: spread of infection and danger triangle

A

facial vein - superior ophthalmic vein - cavernous sinus

inferior opthalmic vein - pterygoid venous plexus - deep facial veins

no valves between them so blood from face may enter the sinus

can use sinus thrombosis/meningitis/ brain abscess

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15
Q

maxillary artery

A

branch of external carotid

divided into 3 parts by lateral pterygoid muscle

5 branches in each part

2nd part - supplies muscles

1st part -middle meningeal artery

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16
Q

what cranial fossa does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull

A

foramen spinosum

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17
Q

what artery from maxillary artery enters the mandibular foramen to supply teeth

and what branch does it give off before it enters the foramen

A

inferior alveolar artery (from 1st part)

mylohyoid artery

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18
Q

what can damage to the middle meningeal artery cause

A

extradural haematoma

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19
Q

what nerve in the floor of the mouth could be damaged during dental surgery

A

lingual nerve (branch of mandibular nerve)

supplies tongue

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20
Q

what nerve do dentists anaesthetise before removing mandibular teeth

A

inferior alveolar nerve

Because the mental and incisive nerves are its terminal braches, the chin and lower lip of the affected side also lose sensation

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21
Q

what is weakness/paralysis of facial nerve called

what is the most common non-traumatic cause of facial paralysis

A

Bell’s palsy

inflammation of the facial nerve near the stylomastoid foramen

causes facial asymmetry, an inability to whistle, blow a wind instrument, or chew effectively.

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22
Q

what can higher lesions of cn vii cause

A

lead to loss of taste over anterior 2/3 tongue

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23
Q

nerve that exits stylomastoid foramen

A

facial nerve

24
Q

what fossa does the facial nerve exit the cranial fossa

A

internal auditory meatus —> facial canal

25
Q

Viral infection related to parotid gland that children receive vaccination

A

Mumps

pain is often worse during chewing

26
Q

what pierces through parotid gland

A

all branches of facial nerve
external carotid artery
retromandibular vein

27
Q

4 extrinsic muscles of tongue

which one is not supplied by the hypoglossal nerve

A

genioglossus
-protusion and depression

hyoglossus
-retraction and depression of sides

styloglossus
-retraction and elevation

palatoglossus(innervated by pharyngeal branch of vagus)
-elevation of posterior part

28
Q

adenoidectomy

A

enlargement of adenoids –> removal (usually children)

adenoids = pharyngeal tonsils
in nasopharynx

29
Q

Quinsy

A

inflammation of throat

especially abscess in region of palatine tonsils

30
Q

Little’s Area (Kiesselbach’s triangle)

A

An area on nasal septum where branches of facial, maxillary and ophthalmic arteries anastomose

Common site for nose bleeds (Kiesselbach’s plexus)

31
Q

which branch of the internal carotid artery enters the optic canal and what does it supply

A

ophthalmic artery

eye/extraocular muscles/eyelids/optic nerve
nose and forehead

32
Q

function of sinuses

A

resonant voice
Reduce weight of skull
Help humidify and warm inspired air

33
Q

Infection of ethmoid air cells and what can be caused if severe

A

due to blocked drainage of the sinuses

blindness as some posterior ethmoidal cells lie close to the optic nerve/artery

34
Q

what surgery can be performed through the nose (Trans-sphenoidal surgery)

A

to remove tumours of the hypophysis gland

35
Q

how could you fracture laryngeal skeleton and what outcomes are likely to arise

A

sports eg. hockey/kickboxing
car accident eg. seatbelts

SUBMUCOUS haemorrhage
respiratory obstruction, hoarsenes, and sometimes a temporary inability to speak

36
Q

why are maxillary sinuses commonly infected

A

because of the high location of the opening of maxillary sinus, when the head is erect, it is impossible for the sinuses to drain until they are full

Their position on the medial side of the sinus allows only the upper sinus to drain
Ie. The right sinus drains if lying on left side

37
Q

Oro-antral fistula

A

abnormal communication between maxillary sinus and oral cavity (hole in roof of mouth)

38
Q

what connects the thyroid to cricoid cartilage

A

conus elasticus

= anterior part of Cricothyroid ligament

39
Q

suprahyoid muscles (extrinsic laryngeal muscles)

elevates hyoid

A

anterior and posterior bellies of diagastric

mylohyoid

stylohyoid

geniohyoid

40
Q

infra hyoid muscles (depress hyoid)

A

omohyoid (superior and inferior belly)

sternothyroid

sternohyoid

thryohyoid

41
Q

what nerve are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles innervated by (except what)

A

inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of RECURRENT laryngeal nerve/vagus)

except cricothyroid (branch of SUPERIOR laryngeal nerve)

42
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal Muscles

A

transverse arytenoid (not paired)

  • Cricothyroid = stretches/ tenses vocal ligament
  • Thyroarytenoid = relaxes vocal ligament
  • Posterior cricoarytenoid = abducts vocal folds (only muscle capable of widening rima glottidis)
  • Lateral cricoarytenoid = adducts vocal folds (close)
  • Transverse & oblique arytenoids = adducts arytenoid cartilages
43
Q

arteries supplying thyroid

A

superior first branch of external carotid

inferior from thyrocervical trunk of subclavian

thryoid ima artery (only in 10% of people)

44
Q

venous drainage of thyroid

A

superior and middle thyroid veins drain into internal jugular veins

both inferior thyroid veins drain into LEFT brachiocephalic vein

may be a ima thyroid vein

45
Q

what does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (of vagus) innervate

A

epiglottis
laryngeal mucosa
base of tongue

SENSATION

46
Q

Damage of recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

smoking/chewing tabacco

but also DUE TO CANCER - more common from a left nerve cancer

present with persistent hoarseness, earache, dysphagia

indication:Enlarged pretracheal or paratracheal lymph nodes

47
Q

injured superior laryngeal nerve

A

results in a voice that is monotonous in character because the paralysed cricothryoid muscle

(its unable to vary the length and tension of the vocal fold)

48
Q

Surgical procedure that recurrent laryngeal nerve most at risk

A

thyroidectomy

and surgical operations in the anterior triangles of the neck.

49
Q

Lingual thyroid

A

rare embryological anomaly due to failure of thyroid gland to descend from the foramen caecum to its normal site

50
Q

where do superior and inferior parathyroid glands originate from

A

INFERIOR - 3rd
SUPERIOR - 4th pharyngeal pouch

4th pouch also gives rise to the ‘ultimo-branchial body’ which is incorporated into the thyroid gland and forms the C cells which secret calcitonin

51
Q

carotid sinus + role

A

dilated region at base of internal carotid artery (superior to the bifurcation from common carotid)

contains baroreceptors - sensitive to BP
- sends impulses to medulla oblongata via the glossopharyngeal nerve (so does carotid body)

52
Q

what does absence of carotid pulse indicate

A

cardiac arrest

53
Q

what might external pressure on carotid artery in people with carotid sinus hypersensitivity cause

A

slowing of the heart rate, a fall in blood pressure, and cardiac ischemia with fainting (syncope)

54
Q

branches of external carotid

A 
superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
posterior auricular
occipital
maxillary 
superficial temporal
55
Q

5 branches of subclavian and what muscle divides it into 3 parts

A

anterior scalene

  1. vertebral
  2. internal thoracic
  3. thyrocervical
  4. costocervical
  5. dorsal scapula
56
Q

what 2 veins—> external jugular vein

A

retromandibular + posterior auricular vein

Anatomy (12 decks)

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