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Anatomy > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

upper female genital tract

A

upper 2/3rds of vagina, uterus, cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes

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2
Q

lower female genital tract

A

lower third of vagina, external genitalia

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3
Q

blood supply of female

A

ovaries - ovarian arteries from abdominal aorta

uterus - uterine arteries from internal iliac
vagina - vaginal arteries from internal iliac

venous drainage
-vaginal venous plexus/uterine vein –> internal iliac vein –> ivc/ left renal vein

external genitalia = paired pudendal arteries from internal iliac

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4
Q

what germ layer is the genital tract derived from

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

what cells line vagina

A

stratified squamous

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6
Q

explain flexion and version of vagina

A

flexion - between cervix and uterus

version - between vagina and cervix

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7
Q

ligaments of female

A

broad

  • mesosalpinx (area above ovarian ligament)
  • mesoovariam (part that suspends the ovaries)
  • mesometrium (area below ovarian ligament)

ovarian

suspensory

round

ovarian + round = male homologue of gubernaculum

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8
Q

nerve supply of female

A

inferior hypogastric plexus = T12

but derived from T10 down - so nerve block would be put here

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9
Q

what is
Hydrosalpinx
Pyo-salpinx

A

hydrosalpinx = Fallopian tubes filled with/blocked by serous/clear fluid near ovary (distal to uterus)

pyo-salpinx = filled with pus

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10
Q

Chandelier sign

A

touching of vagina is so painful they jump up and ‘reach for chandelier’

could indicate ectopic pregnancy/pelvic inflammatory diseases

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11
Q

what node does lymphs from ovarian drain to

+ nodes from external genitalia?

A

ovaries - para-aortic

external genitalia - superficial inguinal

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12
Q

sensory innervation of vulva (anterior and posterior)

+ clitoris & vestibule innervation

A

anterior

  • ilioinguinal nerve
  • genital branch of genitofemoral

posterior

  • pudendal
  • posterior cutaneousnerve of the thigh

clitoris/vestibule
-cavernous nerves, derived from the uterovaginal plexus. (parasympathetic)

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13
Q

clinical conditions:

  • menorrhagia
  • metrorrhagia
  • dysmenorrhoea
  • oligomenhorrhoea

-Endometriosis

A
  • abnormally heavy bleeding
  • abnormal bleeding from the uterus
  • painful menstruation
  • infrequent menstruation

-tissue similar to lining of uterus grow in other places (eg. ovaries/Fallopian tube)

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14
Q

no.1 reason for hysterectomy

+what can this condition cause

A

uterine fibroids (growth of tissue in non-cancerous way within myometrium)

cause

  • polyuria if forwards
  • constipation if forms backwards
  • multiple bleeding throughout the month
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15
Q

adnexa

A

structures between uterus and pelvic side wall are referred as this

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16
Q

Salpingitis and what is the common cause

A

inflammation of fallopian tubes

chlamydia/gonoccocal (gonorrhoea)

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17
Q

3 types of cells found in the ovary

A

surface epithelium - covers outer lining of ovaries

germ cells - destined to form oocytes

stromal cells - release hormones and connect the different structures of the ovaries

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18
Q

how long is the vagina

A

3/4inches or 10cm

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19
Q

what does gubernaculum attach to

A

gonads–> labiascrotal swellings

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20
Q

Why can a cyst in the ovary lead to pain in the inner side of the thigh down to the knee?

A

obturator nerves are close to the ovaries

via referred pain

obturator nerve supplies the inner thigh (L2,3,4)

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21
Q

difference in venous drainage of the right and left ovaries?

A

ovarian veins drain the ovaries via suspensory ligaments

left ovarian vein drains into left RENAL vein

right–>abdominal IVC

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22
Q

relationship between the ovarian artery and ureter at the pelvic brim?

A

the ovarian artery crosses over the ureter

during an ovariectomy if you clip the ureter as well–> hydronephrosis (swelling of kidney due to build up of urine)

the uterine artery also passes above the ureter at level of lateral vagina fornix - must be careful during hysterctomy

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23
Q

level of ovarian/testicular artery

A

L2

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24
Q

5 parts of external male genitalia

A 
scrotum
penis
ureter
vas deferens
testes
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25
Q

temperature regulation of scrotum/testes

A

dartos muscle contract - form rugae (wrinkles) decreasing SA

cremasteric muscle contracts pulling up the scrotum and testes

26
Q

Hydrocele

Varicocele

A

swelling in the scrotum
around testicles

within the veins

27
Q

what week do testes reach scrotum

what name is given to undescended testes

A

30-32 weeks

Cryptorchidism = undescended testes

28
Q

Epididymo- orchitis

+ main causes

A

inflammation of testes AND epididymis (Epididymitis = just epididymis)

in old men = UTIs
younger men = STIs

+ can lead to hydroceles

29
Q

what does artery to vas deferens arise from

A

superior vesicle artery = branch of internal iliac

30
Q

2 parts of the root of penis + what corpus structures arise from them

A

crura - cavernousum

bulb - spongiosum

31
Q

what is the connective tissue that surrounds the seminiferous tubules called

A

tunica albuginea

32
Q

structures present in the spermatic cord

A

3 coverings

  • internal spermatic fascia (inner) from transversalis fascia
  • cremasteric fascia (middle) from internal oblique muscle
  • external spermatic fascia from external oblique aponeurosis

3arteries

  • cremasteric
  • testicular
  • artery to vas deferens
  • genital branch of genitofermal nerve
  • vas deferens
  • lymphatics
  • pampiniform plexus
  • cremasteric vein
  • remnant of tunica vaginalis
33
Q

what accompanies the spermatic cord through the superficial inguinal ring but does not travel within the cord

A

ilioinguinal nerve

34
Q

what causes the testes to descend

what could cause it not to descend

at what age should the testes be fully descended

A

descends through the inguinal canal because of the pressure produced by the intra-abdominal organs + androgens + gubernaculum

androgen insensitivity syndrome

should be by 1yrs old

35
Q

what happens if processus vagnilias fails to close

A

becomes a potential weakness in anterior abdominal wall–> inguinal hernias

in males only the proximal end closes - the distal end expands to enclose most of the testes in the scrotum as the tunica vaginalis

36
Q

which side is varicocele more commonly formed and why

A

left

left testicular vein drains into left renal vein whereas right –> IVC

Due to 2 reasons

  • nutcracker effect (vein compressed as it passes between SMA and AB.aorta)
  • lack of effective anti-reflux valves at the junction between left testicular vein and renal vein
37
Q

cremasteric reflex

what may cause this to be absent

A

if you stroke the upper inner thigh

contraction via genitofemoral nerve –> cremasteric muscle

if absence - testicular torsion/ spine injury of L1/2

38
Q

lymph drainage of scrotum vs testis

A

testis - para-aortic

scrotum - superficial inguinal

different because testes descend and take their innervation/blood supply and lymphatic drainage with them

39
Q

lacunar ligament

A

connects the inguinal ligament to the pectineal line of pubis

40
Q

conjoint tendon

A

combination/aponeruosis of transverses abdominis and internal oblique

inserts into the pubic crest right behind the superficial inguinal ring

41
Q

contents of inguinal canal

A

spermatic cord in men
round ligament in women

genitofemoral nerve

ilioinguinal nerve but doesn’t enter via deep

42
Q

direct vs indirect inguinal hernias

which is more common in men

A

indirect = peritoneal sac protrudes THROUGH deep inguinal ring
(most common)

direct = by passes the deep inguinal ring and it enters the medial end of inguinal canal

both protrude out of superficial

indirect is more common in men because some/all of the processes vaginalis remains patent

43
Q

course of ductus deferens

A
  1. epididymis
  2. up spermatic cord
  3. superficial inguinal ring
  4. out of deep inguinal ring
  5. crosses over external iliac artery - bending laterally round the inferior epigastric artery
  6. over the ureters
  7. down inferomedially to behind bladder
  8. seminal vesicles to form the ejactulatory duct

it runs deep to the peritoneum

44
Q

prostate division

A

4 zones

  • anterior = non-glandular(isthmus)
  • transitional (close to urethra)
  • central (right infant of rectum)
  • peripheral (on either side)

the other 3 are glandular = ducts/glands that secrete fluid

45
Q

the clinical significance of the zones of the prostate

A

transitional + central (‘medial lobe’) undergoes transition under influence of hormones –> Benign prostate hypertrophy

when this lobe enlarges in BPH–> compress urethra–> urinary retention/outflow obstruction

peripheral zone - adenocarcinoma is most common

46
Q

What is the blood supply of the prostate? Why is the venous drainage especially important in prostatic neoplasia? To which organs does prostate cancer often spread?

A

prostrate supplied by inferior vesicle artery - branch of internal iliac

venous drainage = prostatic plexus

prostatic neoplasia–> invade VERTEBRAE since the plexus communicates with the spinal venous plexus

can cause damage to the CNS

47
Q

parts of urethra

A
  1. preprostatic - from base of bladder to start of prostate
    (surrounded by internal urethral sphincter)

2.prostatic - within prostate
(on either side - opening of ejactulatory duct)

  1. membranous - surrounded by external urethral sphincter
  2. spongy/penile urethra (surrounded by erectile tissue = corpus spongiosum)
48
Q

erection/ejaculation innervation

A

erection = parasympathetic S2,3,4 (vasodilation, BF to cavernosa)

emission = Sympathetic L1,2 (ductus deferens/seminal vesicles contract—> urethra)

Ejactulation = rhythmic contraction of bulbospongiosus muscle and opening of external urethral sphincter = PUDENDAL NERVE branches

49
Q

what coverings restrict venous drainage during erection

A

tunica albuginea of penis (different to the one in scrotum)
surrounds the corpus cavernosum

+ buck fascia surrounding covering all 3

50
Q

what sphincter closes to avoid retrograde ejaculation

+ What is the neurological significance of retrograde ejaculation

A

internal urethral

The internal urethral sphincter is neurologically controlled by L1-L2(parasympathetic) and is important in preventing retrograde ejaculation.

51
Q

2 muscles associated with the penis

A

ischiocavernous muscle - they cover the crura part of the penis root (–>cavernosum)

bulbospongiosus muscle - cover the bulb part of root

52
Q

female equivalent to scrotum + what does it contain

A

labia minora

scenes glands and bartholins glands

53
Q

blood supply to the testes and the level

A

testicular arteries L2 of aorta

cremasteric artery from inferior epigastric (which is from ext.iliac)

artery of vas deferens from inferior vesicle artery (from int.iliac)

VENOUS DRAINAGE
pampiniform plexus–>testicular vein (left into renal vein, right straight into IVC)

54
Q

mediastinum testis

A

tunica albuginea protrudes into the posterior border of the testis, forming a longitudinal ridge

55
Q

how many lobules in testis/ how many tubules per lobule

A

200-300 lobules /testis

1-4 tubules/lobule

56
Q

how many spermatozoa per day produced

A

108-300million

57
Q

how many efferent ductules pass to the epididymis

+ how long is the epididymis

A

15-20

6-7m

58
Q

4 muscles in root of penis + nerve supply

A

2x bulbiospongiosus - contraction to expel any semen/urine

2x ischiocavernosus - contraction to force blood in cavernosum (erection)

PERINEAL nerve (branch of pudendal)

59
Q

covering around erectile tissue

A

Colles (from scarpa’s) superficial

Bucks (from deep perineal)

Tunica albuginea (around each separate tissue)

60
Q

9 branches of anterior division of internal iliac artery

A 
superior vesicle
inferior vesicle
umbilical
uterine
vaginal
inferior gluteal 
internal pudendal
middle rectal
obturator
61
Q

blood supply to penis

A

from internal pudendal

dorsal artery (cavernosum+ glans)
deep artery (cavernosum)
bulbourethral(spongiosum)

Anatomy (12 decks)

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