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Anatomy Unit I > Shoulder, arm, and deep back muscles > Flashcards

Shoulder, arm, and deep back muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what muscles make up the rotator cuff? how do they connect

A

subscapularis, teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus
the muscle tendons intersect and blend
the subscapularis and supraspinatus

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2
Q

describe the movement of the deltoid (and from which fibers)

A

anterior fibers from clavicle: flexion of arm
middle fibers from acromion: arm abduction
posterior fibers from spine of scapular: arm extension

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3
Q

what are the anterior fibers of the deltoid involved in?

A

arm flexion (insert on the trapezius)

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4
Q

what are the middle fibers of the deltoid involved in

A

arm abduction (insert on acromion)

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5
Q

what are the posterior fibers of the deltoid involved in

A

arm extension (insert on spine of scapula)

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6
Q

what is the function of the rotator cuff

A

support the shoulder by stabilizing the glenohumeral joint
the muscles cross the glenohumeral join and provide support against upward and posterior displacement of the head of the humerus

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7
Q

what is the most common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction in adults?

A

rotator cuff disease

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8
Q

what muscles in the upper limb insert on the anterior surface of the humerus? what is their action?

A 
subscapularis, lattisimus dorsi, pec major, teres major
MEDIAL ROTATION (& adduction)
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9
Q

what muscles insert on the intertubercle groove and was is their action?

A 
pec major (lateral lip), lat dorsi (floor), teres major (medial lip)
ALL INVOLVED IN MEDIAL ROTATION AND ADDUCTION
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10
Q

what are the branches that come from the subclavian artery that supply the shoulder?

A

suprascapular artery
deep branch of transverse cervical (dorsal scapular artery)

both may be branches off of the thyrocervical trunk

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11
Q

what makes up the triangle space?

A

teres major, teres minor and the long head of the triceps brachii

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12
Q

what make up the triangular interval?

A

teres major, long head of ticeps brachii, shaft of the humerus

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13
Q

what makes up the quadrangular space?

A

teres minor, teres major, long head of the triceps brachii, and surgical neck of humerus

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14
Q

what runs through the triangular space?

A

circumflex scapular artery

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15
Q

what runs through the triangular interval

A

radial nerve + profunda brachii (* behind the shaft of the humerus in the radial groove)

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16
Q

what runs through the quadrangular space?

A

axillary nerve + posterior circumflex humoral artery

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17
Q

what is the function of the circumflex scapular artery?

A

collateral circulation of the scapular. (branches off of the scapular artery from the third part of the axillary artery)

basically if it is clotted/clamped off, proper circulation of the scapular will still occur due to anastomes between blood vessels

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18
Q

what is the intramuscular septa of the arm?

A

deep fascia of the humerus that divides the arm into two compartments.
Anterior (flexors of arm and forearm, innervated by musculocutaneous (arm), ulnar and median (forearm) nerves)
Posterior (extensors of the arm and forearm, innervated by the radial nerve)

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19
Q

what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis

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20
Q

what is the origin of the coracobrachialis

A

coracoid process (ON SCAPULA) of the humerus

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21
Q

what is the insertion of the coracobrachialis

A

medial mid-shaft of the humerus

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22
Q

innervation coracobrachialis

A

musculocutaneous

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23
Q

action coracobrachialis

A

flex arm

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24
Q

origin biceps brachii (long and short head)

A

long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

shorthead: coracoid process (scapula)

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25
insertion biceps brachii
radial tuberosity of radius
26
innervation biceps brachii
musculocutaneous
27
action biceps brachii
both heads: flex and supinate forearm | short head: minor arm flexor
28
origin brachialis
anterior aspect of distal humerus | IMS
29
insertion brachialis
ulnar tuberosity
30
innervation brachialis
musculocutaneous
31
action brachialis
flex forearm
32
what muscles make up the posterior compartment of the arm?
triceps brachii (three heads, 1 muscle)
33
what is the origin of the triceps brachii?
Long head: infraglenoid tubercle Lateral head: superior to radial groove (humeral shaf) Medial head: inferior to radial groove (humeral shaft)
34
insertion triceps brachii
olecranon
35
innervation triceps brachii
radial nerve
36
action triceps brachii
extend forearm | Long head: can also adduct and extend arm
37
When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
at the inferior border of the teres major
38
what accompanies the radial nerve in the posterior compartment of the arm?
profunda brachii
39
what supplies the posterior compartment of the arm?
profunda brachii
40
what supplies the anterior compartment of the arm?
brachial artery
41
what accompanies the brachial artery
brachial veins
42
what nerve innervates the posterior arm? what vertebrae does it arise from?
musculocutaneous (C5, 6, 7,)
43
how does the musculocutaneous nerve travel in the arm
pierces coracobrachialis, travels between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. Becomes the lateral cutaneous antibrachial nerve as it emerges from beneath the biceps brachii IN ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
44
how does the median nerve travel in the arm
DOES NOT INNERVATE! travels in the medial neurovascular bundle with the ulnar nerve. Proximally, starts out lateral to the brachial a, and then distally it is medial to the brachial artery. (crosses ON TOP of the brachial artery) IN ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
45
how does the ulnar nerve travel in the arm
DOES NOT INNERVATE travels in the medial neurovascular bundle with the median nerve moves posteriorly, pierces medial IMS and passes posteriorly to the medial epicondyle of humerus IN ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
46
how does the radial nerve travel in the arm
Passes through triangular interval (with profunda brachii) travel from medial to lateral THROUGH the radial groove (lies in it).. so it is susceptible to injury during humeral fractures at this location moves anteriorly, just proximal to the elbow Lies between the Brachialis and brachioradialis IN THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
47
what nerve proves the motor supply of the posterior compartment of the arm?
radial nerve
48
What lies between the brachialis and brachioradialis?
radial nerve
49
what are the cutaneous nerves of the arm? how many are there?
5 cutaneous nerves (SENSORY) medial cutaneous brachial intercostobrachial posterior cutaneous brachial lower (inferior) lateral cutaneous brachial upper (superior) lateral cutaneous brachial
50
what does the medial cutaneous brachial nerve innervate? what does it branch off of
innervates: majority of medial arm (sensory) from: branch off medial cord
51
what does the intercostobrachial nerve innervate? what does it branch off of
inv: superior portion of medial arm from: lateral cutaneous branch of T2
52
what does the posterior cutaneous brachial nerve innervate? what does it branch off of
inv: posterior arm from: branch of radial nerve
53
what does the lower lateral brachial cutaneous nerve innervate? what does it branch off of
inv: lower lateral arm from: branch of radial n
54
what does the upper lateral brachial cutaneous nerve innervate? what does it branch off of
inv: over deltoid insertion from: branch of axillary
55
what cutaneous nerves of the arm does the radial nerve branch off to?
posterior brachial cutaneous (posterior arm); lower lateral brachial cutaneous (lower lateral arm)
56
what cutaneous nerve of the arm does the axillary nerve branch off to?
upper lateral brachial cutaneous nerve
57
what are the types of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial | allow for smooth movement
58
describe fibrous joints
bones joined by fibrous tissue little/no movemnet ex: sutures of skull
59
cartilaginous joints
bones joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage variable amount of movement occurs (can move a little) ex: pubic symphosis
60
synovial joints
2 bones + joint capsule (holds fluid in) that completely surrounds the joint articular surfaces are separated by a fluid filled cavity greatest freedom of movement ex: shoulder joint and hip joint
61
articular cartilage
cartilage aka AVASCULAR smooth surface cartilage that covers the articular surfaces (hyaline cartilage) usually degenerates with aging/injury
62
fibrous capsule
made of collagen fibers encloses a synovial joint cavity by being anchored to the periosteum of both sides of the joint cavity HIGHLY VASCULARIZED AND INNERVATED by pain and proprioreceptive fibers
63
synnovial membrane
HIGHLY VASCULARIZED connective tissue that lines the inner surface of joint capsule but DOES NOT cover the articular surfaces produces a viscous fluid which serves to lubricate the articular surfaces during motion nutrient source for articular cartilage
64
ligaments of synovial joints
specialized CT structures that help to stabilize the joint | can be capsular, extracapsular or intra-articular (ie: cruciate ligaments of the knee)
65
intra-articular discs/menisci
fibrous or fibrocartilage structures attached at their periphery to the joint capsule flat piece of cartilage between two bones and separates it present in joints where flexion and extension are associated with gliding motion (ie: knee/wrist)
66
sternoclavicular joint
- synovial joint - formed by the articulation of the medial end of the clavicle with the clavicular notch on the manubrium of the sternum - an articular disc separates the joint into two cavities - only attachment of the upper limb with the axial skeleton - has 3 stabilizing structures
67
what is the only attachment of the upper limb with the axial skeleton?
sternoclavicular joint
68
what are the stabilizing structures of the sternoclavicular joint?
``` anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments interclavicular ligament costoclavicular ligament (fibrous joint important in preventing displacement) ```
69
acriomioclavicular joint
weak synovial joint between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion usually has an articular disc MORE OFTEN DISLOCATED THAN THE STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT
70
stabilizing structures of the acromioclavicular joint
``` coracoacromial ligament (part of the coraco-acromial arch) coracoclavicular ligament (main support; when ruptured, clavicle is driven superior to acromion) **acromioclavicular ligament is rather weak ```
71
Glenohumeral Joint
synovial joint beween head of humerus and glenoid fossa deepened by the glenoid labrum.. loose fit allows for great freedom of motion joint is weakest inferiorly
72
stablizing structures of the glenohumeral joint
coracohumeral ligament glenohumeral ligament (reinforce the joint capsule anteriorly on its internal surface.. superior/medial/inferior ligaments for a "z") musculotendinous (rotator) cuff-- as the tendons of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis cross the joint they help to reinforce the capsule; helps prevent superior and posterior dispalcement of the humerus Long head of the triceps
73
innervation of joints
innervated by the same nerve that innervates the muscles acting upon the joint nerve crosses the joint and gives it sensory (pain + proprioreception)
74
synovial sheath
allows tendons to move with minimum friction | the long head of the triceps pierces through the glenohumeral joint and is enclosed by the synovial sheath
75
Bursae
thin walled sac lined with synovial membrane which acts to allow smooth movement of one structure over or past another **especially when a muscle tendon is close to a prominent boney feature when it crosses a joint
76
subdeltoid (subacromial) bursa
between the supraspinatus tendon and the acromion, just deep (anterior) to the deltoid
77
subscapular bursa
continuous with the glenohumeral joint capsule; | facilitates movement of subscapularis tendon during abduction
78
how is the clavicle involved in shoulder movements
it rotates along its long axis at both the sternoclavicular and the acromioclavicular joints
79
chief flexior of the upper limb
pec major and anterior fibers of the deltoid (aided by coracobrachialis and short head of biceps)
80
chief extensors of the upper limb
lat. dorsi and posterior fibers of the deltoid **lat dorsi especially when extension agains resistance from fully flexed position teres major also extended a flexed arm
81
chief medial rotators of the upper limb
INSERT ON ANTERIOR SURFACE OF HUMERUS | subscapularis (aided by pec major, anterior deltoid, lat. dorsi, and teres minor)
82
chief lateral rotators of the upper limb
infraspinatus and teres minor (aided by the posterior deltoid)
83
abduction of upper limb in the scapula plane
DELTOID + SUPRASPINATUS ADBUCT IN PLANE OF SCAPULA (midway between coronal and sagittal plane) supraspinatus helps keep the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa (to prevent the deltoid from pulling the head upward under the acromion) **FOR FULL ABDUCTION, THE SCAPULA IS ROTATED LATERALLY BY SERRATUS ANTERIOR AND UPPER FIBERS OF TRAP
84
abduction of upper limb in the coronal plane
involves extension, lateral rotation (so greater tubercle can clear the acromion) , and abduction
85
Cheif adductors of upper limb
against resistance: pec major, lat dorsi, teres major | agains gravity: relaxation of middle deltoid and supraspinatus (abductors)
86
Rotation of Scapula
inferior angle of scapular moves laterally, glenoid cavity moves upward chief: serratus anterior (at inferior angle attachment); with aid of trapezius OPPOSITE MOTION (inferior angle moves medially) by Levator Scapulae and Rhomboids
87
Elevation of scapula (shrugging shoulders) and depression chief muscles
elevation: levator scapula + upper fibers of trap depression: low fibers of trap + serratus anterior
88
protraction of scapula (pushing/punching) chief muscles
serratus anterior (antagonized by rhomboids)
89
retraction of scapula
rhomboids + trap
90
Superficial muscles move ___ and are innervated by ___rami of spinal nerves
move the upper limb; innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves
91
Deep back muscles move ____ and are innervated by the ___ rami of spinal nerves
move the trunk and head/neck; innervated segmentally by rami of spinal nerves
92
Erector Spinae
group of 3 muscles oriented longitudinally: 1. spinalis 2. longissimus 3. iliocostalis enclosed by thoracolumbar fascia extend the trunk and head/neck when contracted bilaterally; rotate the trunk and head/neck when contracted unilaterally
93
splenius capitis
extend the head/neck bilaterally and rotate head/neck unilaterally roof of suboccipital triangle
94
semi spinalis capitis
extend the head/neck bilaterally and rotate the head/neck bilaterally. Roof of suboccipital triangle

Anatomy Unit I (6 decks)

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