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Anatomy Unit I > Shoulder, arm, and deep back muscles > Flashcards

Shoulder, arm, and deep back muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what muscles make up the rotator cuff? how do they connect

A

subscapularis, teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus
the muscle tendons intersect and blend
the subscapularis and supraspinatus

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2
Q

describe the movement of the deltoid (and from which fibers)

A

anterior fibers from clavicle: flexion of arm
middle fibers from acromion: arm abduction
posterior fibers from spine of scapular: arm extension

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3
Q

what are the anterior fibers of the deltoid involved in?

A

arm flexion (insert on the trapezius)

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4
Q

what are the middle fibers of the deltoid involved in

A

arm abduction (insert on acromion)

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5
Q

what are the posterior fibers of the deltoid involved in

A

arm extension (insert on spine of scapula)

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6
Q

what is the function of the rotator cuff

A

support the shoulder by stabilizing the glenohumeral joint
the muscles cross the glenohumeral join and provide support against upward and posterior displacement of the head of the humerus

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7
Q

what is the most common cause of shoulder pain and dysfunction in adults?

A

rotator cuff disease

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8
Q

what muscles in the upper limb insert on the anterior surface of the humerus? what is their action?

A 
subscapularis, lattisimus dorsi, pec major, teres major
MEDIAL ROTATION (& adduction)
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9
Q

what muscles insert on the intertubercle groove and was is their action?

A 
pec major (lateral lip), lat dorsi (floor), teres major (medial lip)
ALL INVOLVED IN MEDIAL ROTATION AND ADDUCTION
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10
Q

what are the branches that come from the subclavian artery that supply the shoulder?

A

suprascapular artery
deep branch of transverse cervical (dorsal scapular artery)

both may be branches off of the thyrocervical trunk

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11
Q

what makes up the triangle space?

A

teres major, teres minor and the long head of the triceps brachii

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12
Q

what make up the triangular interval?

A

teres major, long head of ticeps brachii, shaft of the humerus

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13
Q

what makes up the quadrangular space?

A

teres minor, teres major, long head of the triceps brachii, and surgical neck of humerus

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14
Q

what runs through the triangular space?

A

circumflex scapular artery

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15
Q

what runs through the triangular interval

A

radial nerve + profunda brachii (* behind the shaft of the humerus in the radial groove)

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16
Q

what runs through the quadrangular space?

A

axillary nerve + posterior circumflex humoral artery

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17
Q

what is the function of the circumflex scapular artery?

A

collateral circulation of the scapular. (branches off of the scapular artery from the third part of the axillary artery)

basically if it is clotted/clamped off, proper circulation of the scapular will still occur due to anastomes between blood vessels

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18
Q

what is the intramuscular septa of the arm?

A

deep fascia of the humerus that divides the arm into two compartments.
Anterior (flexors of arm and forearm, innervated by musculocutaneous (arm), ulnar and median (forearm) nerves)
Posterior (extensors of the arm and forearm, innervated by the radial nerve)

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19
Q

what muscles make up the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, brachialis

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20
Q

what is the origin of the coracobrachialis

A

coracoid process (ON SCAPULA) of the humerus

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21
Q

what is the insertion of the coracobrachialis

A

medial mid-shaft of the humerus

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22
Q

innervation coracobrachialis

A

musculocutaneous

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23
Q

action coracobrachialis

A

flex arm

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24
Q

origin biceps brachii (long and short head)

A

long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

shorthead: coracoid process (scapula)

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25
Q

insertion biceps brachii

A

radial tuberosity of radius

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26
Q

innervation biceps brachii

A

musculocutaneous

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27
Q

action biceps brachii

A

both heads: flex and supinate forearm

short head: minor arm flexor

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28
Q

origin brachialis

A

anterior aspect of distal humerus

IMS

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29
Q

insertion brachialis

A

ulnar tuberosity

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30
Q

innervation brachialis

A

musculocutaneous

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31
Q

action brachialis

A

flex forearm

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32
Q

what muscles make up the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

triceps brachii (three heads, 1 muscle)

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33
Q

what is the origin of the triceps brachii?

A

Long head: infraglenoid tubercle
Lateral head: superior to radial groove (humeral shaf)
Medial head: inferior to radial groove (humeral shaft)

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34
Q

insertion triceps brachii

A

olecranon

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35
Q

innervation triceps brachii

A

radial nerve

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36
Q

action triceps brachii

A

extend forearm

Long head: can also adduct and extend arm

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37
Q

When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

at the inferior border of the teres major

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38
Q

what accompanies the radial nerve in the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

profunda brachii

39
Q

what supplies the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

profunda brachii

40
Q

what supplies the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

brachial artery

41
Q

what accompanies the brachial artery

A

brachial veins

42
Q

what nerve innervates the posterior arm? what vertebrae does it arise from?

A

musculocutaneous (C5, 6, 7,)

43
Q

how does the musculocutaneous nerve travel in the arm

A

pierces coracobrachialis, travels between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. Becomes the lateral cutaneous antibrachial nerve as it emerges from beneath the biceps brachii
IN ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT

44
Q

how does the median nerve travel in the arm

A

DOES NOT INNERVATE!
travels in the medial neurovascular bundle with the ulnar nerve.
Proximally, starts out lateral to the brachial a, and then distally it is medial to the brachial artery. (crosses ON TOP of the brachial artery)
IN ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT

45
Q

how does the ulnar nerve travel in the arm

A

DOES NOT INNERVATE
travels in the medial neurovascular bundle with the median nerve
moves posteriorly, pierces medial IMS and passes posteriorly to the medial epicondyle of humerus
IN ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT

46
Q

how does the radial nerve travel in the arm

A

Passes through triangular interval (with profunda brachii)
travel from medial to lateral THROUGH the radial groove (lies in it).. so it is susceptible to injury during humeral fractures at this location
moves anteriorly, just proximal to the elbow
Lies between the Brachialis and brachioradialis
IN THE POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT

47
Q

what nerve proves the motor supply of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

radial nerve

48
Q

What lies between the brachialis and brachioradialis?

A

radial nerve

49
Q

what are the cutaneous nerves of the arm? how many are there?

A

5 cutaneous nerves (SENSORY)
medial cutaneous brachial
intercostobrachial
posterior cutaneous brachial
lower (inferior) lateral cutaneous brachial
upper (superior) lateral cutaneous brachial

50
Q

what does the medial cutaneous brachial nerve innervate? what does it branch off of

A

innervates: majority of medial arm (sensory)
from: branch off medial cord

51
Q

what does the intercostobrachial nerve innervate? what does it branch off of

A

inv: superior portion of medial arm
from: lateral cutaneous branch of T2

52
Q

what does the posterior cutaneous brachial nerve innervate? what does it branch off of

A

inv: posterior arm
from: branch of radial nerve

53
Q

what does the lower lateral brachial cutaneous nerve innervate? what does it branch off of

A

inv: lower lateral arm
from: branch of radial n

54
Q

what does the upper lateral brachial cutaneous nerve innervate? what does it branch off of

A

inv: over deltoid insertion
from: branch of axillary

55
Q

what cutaneous nerves of the arm does the radial nerve branch off to?

A

posterior brachial cutaneous (posterior arm); lower lateral brachial cutaneous (lower lateral arm)

56
Q

what cutaneous nerve of the arm does the axillary nerve branch off to?

A

upper lateral brachial cutaneous nerve

57
Q

what are the types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

allow for smooth movement

58
Q

describe fibrous joints

A

bones joined by fibrous tissue
little/no movemnet
ex: sutures of skull

59
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

bones joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
variable amount of movement occurs (can move a little)
ex: pubic symphosis

60
Q

synovial joints

A

2 bones + joint capsule (holds fluid in) that completely surrounds the joint
articular surfaces are separated by a fluid filled cavity
greatest freedom of movement
ex: shoulder joint and hip joint

61
Q

articular cartilage

A

cartilage aka AVASCULAR
smooth surface cartilage that covers the articular surfaces (hyaline cartilage)
usually degenerates with aging/injury

62
Q

fibrous capsule

A

made of collagen fibers
encloses a synovial joint cavity by being anchored to the periosteum of both sides of the joint cavity
HIGHLY VASCULARIZED AND INNERVATED by pain and proprioreceptive fibers

63
Q

synnovial membrane

A

HIGHLY VASCULARIZED connective tissue that lines the inner surface of joint capsule but DOES NOT cover the articular surfaces
produces a viscous fluid which serves to lubricate the articular surfaces during motion
nutrient source for articular cartilage

64
Q

ligaments of synovial joints

A

specialized CT structures that help to stabilize the joint

can be capsular, extracapsular or intra-articular (ie: cruciate ligaments of the knee)

65
Q

intra-articular discs/menisci

A

fibrous or fibrocartilage structures attached at their periphery to the joint capsule
flat piece of cartilage between two bones and separates it
present in joints where flexion and extension are associated with gliding motion (ie: knee/wrist)

66
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A
  • synovial joint
  • formed by the articulation of the medial end of the clavicle with the clavicular notch on the manubrium of the sternum
  • an articular disc separates the joint into two cavities
  • only attachment of the upper limb with the axial skeleton
  • has 3 stabilizing structures
67
Q

what is the only attachment of the upper limb with the axial skeleton?

A

sternoclavicular joint

68
Q

what are the stabilizing structures of the sternoclavicular joint?

A 
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
interclavicular ligament
costoclavicular ligament (fibrous joint important in preventing displacement)
69
Q

acriomioclavicular joint

A

weak synovial joint
between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion
usually has an articular disc
MORE OFTEN DISLOCATED THAN THE STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT

70
Q

stabilizing structures of the acromioclavicular joint

A 
coracoacromial ligament (part of the coraco-acromial arch)
coracoclavicular ligament (main support; when ruptured, clavicle is driven superior to acromion)
**acromioclavicular ligament is rather weak
71
Q

Glenohumeral Joint

A

synovial joint
beween head of humerus and glenoid fossa
deepened by the glenoid labrum.. loose fit allows for great freedom of motion
joint is weakest inferiorly

72
Q

stablizing structures of the glenohumeral joint

A

coracohumeral ligament
glenohumeral ligament (reinforce the joint capsule anteriorly on its internal surface.. superior/medial/inferior ligaments for a “z”)
musculotendinous (rotator) cuff– as the tendons of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis cross the joint they help to reinforce the capsule; helps prevent superior and posterior dispalcement of the humerus
Long head of the triceps

73
Q

innervation of joints

A

innervated by the same nerve that innervates the muscles acting upon the joint
nerve crosses the joint and gives it sensory (pain + proprioreception)

74
Q

synovial sheath

A

allows tendons to move with minimum friction

the long head of the triceps pierces through the glenohumeral joint and is enclosed by the synovial sheath

75
Q

Bursae

A

thin walled sac lined with synovial membrane which acts to allow smooth movement of one structure over or past another
**especially when a muscle tendon is close to a prominent boney feature when it crosses a joint

76
Q

subdeltoid (subacromial) bursa

A

between the supraspinatus tendon and the acromion, just deep (anterior) to the deltoid

77
Q

subscapular bursa

A

continuous with the glenohumeral joint capsule;

facilitates movement of subscapularis tendon during abduction

78
Q

how is the clavicle involved in shoulder movements

A

it rotates along its long axis at both the sternoclavicular and the acromioclavicular joints

79
Q

chief flexior of the upper limb

A

pec major and anterior fibers of the deltoid (aided by coracobrachialis and short head of biceps)

80
Q

chief extensors of the upper limb

A

lat. dorsi and posterior fibers of the deltoid
**lat dorsi especially when extension agains resistance from fully flexed position
teres major also extended a flexed arm

81
Q

chief medial rotators of the upper limb

A

INSERT ON ANTERIOR SURFACE OF HUMERUS

subscapularis (aided by pec major, anterior deltoid, lat. dorsi, and teres minor)

82
Q

chief lateral rotators of the upper limb

A

infraspinatus and teres minor (aided by the posterior deltoid)

83
Q

abduction of upper limb in the scapula plane

A

DELTOID + SUPRASPINATUS ADBUCT IN PLANE OF SCAPULA (midway between coronal and sagittal plane)
supraspinatus helps keep the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa (to prevent the deltoid from pulling the head upward under the acromion)
**FOR FULL ABDUCTION, THE SCAPULA IS ROTATED LATERALLY BY SERRATUS ANTERIOR AND UPPER FIBERS OF TRAP

84
Q

abduction of upper limb in the coronal plane

A

involves extension, lateral rotation (so greater tubercle can clear the acromion) , and abduction

85
Q

Cheif adductors of upper limb

A

against resistance: pec major, lat dorsi, teres major

agains gravity: relaxation of middle deltoid and supraspinatus (abductors)

86
Q

Rotation of Scapula

A

inferior angle of scapular moves laterally, glenoid cavity moves upward
chief: serratus anterior (at inferior angle attachment); with aid of trapezius
OPPOSITE MOTION (inferior angle moves medially) by Levator Scapulae and Rhomboids

87
Q

Elevation of scapula (shrugging shoulders) and depression chief muscles

A

elevation: levator scapula + upper fibers of trap
depression: low fibers of trap + serratus anterior

88
Q

protraction of scapula (pushing/punching) chief muscles

A

serratus anterior (antagonized by rhomboids)

89
Q

retraction of scapula

A

rhomboids + trap

90
Q

Superficial muscles move ___ and are innervated by ___rami of spinal nerves

A

move the upper limb; innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves

91
Q

Deep back muscles move ____ and are innervated by the ___ rami of spinal nerves

A

move the trunk and head/neck; innervated segmentally by rami of spinal nerves

92
Q

Erector Spinae

A

group of 3 muscles oriented longitudinally:
1. spinalis
2. longissimus
3. iliocostalis
enclosed by thoracolumbar fascia
extend the trunk and head/neck when contracted bilaterally;
rotate the trunk and head/neck when contracted unilaterally

93
Q

splenius capitis

A

extend the head/neck bilaterally and rotate head/neck unilaterally
roof of suboccipital triangle

94
Q

semi spinalis capitis

A

extend the head/neck bilaterally and rotate the head/neck bilaterally. Roof of suboccipital triangle

Anatomy Unit I (6 decks)

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