shoulder and elbow problems Flashcards
what is the likely cause of an upper limb fracture in a young person
a high energy injury
what is the most likely cause of an upper limb fracture in old people
osteoporosis related
in which direction does the shoulder joint normally dislocate
anteriorly
if the shoulder joint has dislocated posteriorly, what should you consider
epilepsy or electrocution
why are re-dislocations common
often the dislocation results in the tear of the acetabulum and this usually helps stabilise the shoulder joint
how are shoulder dislocations treated
1) manipulation
2) immobilisation
3) physiotherapy
4) surgery
(MIPS)
what is subacromial impingement
this is when there is a decrease in volume or an increase in size of the contents in the subacromial space (between the acromion of the scapula and the head of the humerus
what are the clinical signs of subacromial impingement
pain when moving the arm out to the side and up
name some anatomical causes of subacromial impingement
the acromion of the scapula digging down, the degeneration of the rotator cuff muscles (causes the head of the humerus to deviate superiorly)
what is the treatment of subacromial impingement
steroid injection to the subacromial space, physiotherapy or arthroscopic subacromial decompression
what is the proper term for frozen shoulder
adhesive capsulitis
describe the development of adhesive capsulitis
acutely painful shoulder that over time becomes stiff (active and passive movement declines)
what is the most common movement to be lost first in adhesive capsulitis
external rotation of the shoulder joint
why would some people carry out an x-ray in adhesive capsulitis
to rule out osteoporosis (normally there would be no radiographic changes)
how long does it take for a frozen shoulder to heal
18-24 months
