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P.E - E.P Yr 1 > Short Term Responses To Exercise > Flashcards

Short Term Responses To Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output

A

SV x HR

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2
Q

How do you calculate max HR?

A

220-age

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3
Q

What happens to stroke volume as exercise intensity increases?

A

Increases but only up to 40-60%

After this it plateaus

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4
Q

Why would a big increase in cardiac output benefit a trained athlete?

A

⬆️ oxygen supply to muscles = ⬆️ exercise capacity

⬆️ CO2 removal from muscles = ⬇️ DOMS + muscle cramps

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5
Q

What happens during gaseous exchange?

A

O2 diff from alveoli across alveolar + capillary membranes into RBC.

CO2 diff from RBC + blood plasma into alveoli.

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6
Q

Define partial pressure

A

Pressure exerted by an individual gas when exists within a mixture of gases.

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7
Q

What aids pulmonary diffusion?

A

Large:SA ratio

Gases dissolve in surfactant moisture lining the alveoli = MOIST

Walls are made of squamous epithelium - 1 cell thick = short diff pathway

Extensive capillary network to maintain diff gradients

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8
Q

Why will oxygen combine to haemoglobin

A

Because they have a higher affinity to each other.

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9
Q

What are the 2 ways in which oxygen is transported in the blood?

A

97% combines w/ haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

3% dissolves into plasma

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10
Q

What are the 3 ways in which CO2 is transported?

A

5% in solution in the plasma

85% as H carbonate ion - HCO3-

10% bound to Hb as carbaminoHb

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11
Q

Explain the transport/diffusion of CO2 into the blood

A

Diffuses into RBC down conc. grad.

Carbonic anhydrase catalyses CO2 + H2O to carbonic acid/bicarbonate

Carbonic acid dissociates into H + H carbonate ions

The H carbonate ions diff out of RBC into plasma

To balance outflow of -ive ions + maintain electrochemical neutrality, chloride ions diff INTO RBC from plasma. == CHLORIDE SHIFT

H+ attach to Hb to form Haemoglobinic acid + displace the O2

O2 diffuses out of RBC into tissues.

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12
Q

List the 4 types of receptors

A

Chemo (pH)

Thermo

Proprio (Detects changes in body movement + position)

Baro (Detects changes in bp)

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13
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system increase heart rate?

A

By releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline from the adrenal medulla.

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14
Q

Define adrenaline

A

Stress hormone that stimulates the SAN to ⬆️ speed and force of contraction.

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15
Q

Define noradrenaline

A

Neurotransmitter that aids the spread of the impulse throughout the heart.

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16
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system release?

A

Acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) that slows the spread of impulses throughout the heart = back down to resting levels.

17
Q

What happens to the CO2 levels in the blood when exercise begins and how does it stimulate the sympathetic nervous system?

A

CO2 ⬆️ = ⬇️ blood pH = detected by chemoreceptors = send message to CCC in medulla oblongata.

CCC sends impulse to SAN via accelerator nerves.

Adrenaline and noradrenaline released = heart rate + strength ⬆️

END of exercise = parasympathetic takes over. Vagus nerve is stimulated and acetylcholine is released = slowing HR.

18
Q

What does it mean that the hearts contraction is intrinsic?

A

It doesn’t depend on the nervous system.

19
Q

What are the 3 different ways in which the heart is controlled intrinsically?

A

Venous return

Na+ + K+ ion balance

Heart muscle temp

20
Q

Intrinsic control of the heart

Explain the sodium and potassium ion balance

A

Changes in this balance in the cardiac muscle cells cause the SAN to generate an electrical impulse = changes in heart rate.

21
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing when you inhale

A

External intercostal muscles + diaphragm contract

Ribs up + out

Thorax volume ⬆️ = pressure ⬇️

Atmospheric air pressure is greater than in lungs so air moves in.

22
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing when you exhale

A

External intercostal muscles + diaphragm relax

Ribs down + in

Thorax volume ⬇️ = pressure ⬆️

Atmospheric air pressure is less than in lungs so air moves out.

23
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing when you inhale during exercise

A

All as normal + greater volumes of air filling in lungs due to sternocleidomastoid + pectorals minor helping to move ribs + ⬆️ chest cavity further.

24
Q

Describe the mechanics of breathing when you exhale during exercise / Forced expiration

A

Internal intercostal muscles contract

Ribs down + in

Abdominal muscles contact to push diaphragm upwards

Thorax volume ⬇️ = pressure ⬆️

Atmospheric air pressure is less than in lungs so air moves out.

25
Q

What controls the breathing rate

A

Respiratory Control Centre (RCC) in the medulla oblongata

26
Q

Explain neural regulation of breathing

A

CO2 builds up in blood during exercise

Chemoreceptors stimulate RCC to ⬆️ respiratory rate by sending nerve impulses nerve to the diaphragm + external intercostal muscles via the phrenic to cause contraction.

27
Q

How are stretch receptors involved in the regulation of breathing

A

Situated in the walls of the bronchi to prevent overinflation of the lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre + down intercostal nerve to expiratory muscles = exhale.

28
Q

How are baroreceptors involved in the regulation of breathing

A

Detect bp changes + stimulate RCC to ⬆️ breathing rate

29
Q

Explain hormonal control of breathing

A

Adrenaline is released into blood by adrenal glands when exercise starts

= BR ⬆️ to deliver more O2 to working muscles + remove CO2.

30
Q

What happens to the neuromuscular system when we start to exercise

A

Blood vessels vasodilate

⬆️ blood flow to muscles = O2 supply = ⬆️ energy in muscle = ⬆️ muscle temp = ⬆️ muscle elasticity

⬆️ speed of nervous impulses

⬆️ speed of muscle action + relaxation

31
Q

What affect can a specific warm up have

A

Can facilitate the recruitment of motor units required for the type of physical acitivity

P.E - E.P Yr 1 (10 decks)

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