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P.E - E.P Yr 1 > Muscle Fibres & Energy Systems > Flashcards

Muscle Fibres & Energy Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle fibres

A

Type 1 - Slow oxidative

Type 2 a - Fast oxidative glycolytic

Type 2b - Fast twitch glycolytic

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2
Q

Whats genetically determined when talking about skeletal muscles + the 3 fibres?

What does this mean?

A

The proportion of these different fibre types

Means some people are born with a natural ability to be better at some sporting activities than others.

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3
Q

What type of fibres do 800m runners and 400m swimmers tend to have?

A

Type 2 a - fast oxidative glycolytic

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4
Q

What type of fibres do elite power athletes like 100m sprinters or weightlifters tend to have?

A

Type 2b - Fast twitch glycolytic

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5
Q

What type of muscle fibres to games players tend to have?

A

An even mixture

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6
Q

What determines what type of fibre a fibre is?

A

Structural + funcitonal characteristics

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7
Q

What are the structural + functional characteristics (7)

A

Contraction speed

Fatigue resistance

Mitochondrial density

Myoglobin content

Capillary density

Aerobic capacity

Anaerobic capacity

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8
Q

Fatigue resistance for the fibre types

A

Type 1 - V high

Type 2a - Medium

Type 2b - Low

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9
Q

Mitochondrial density for the fibre types

A

Type 1 - High

Type 2a - Medium

Type 2b - Low

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10
Q

Myoglobin content for the fibre types

A

Type 1 - High (red)

Type 2a - Medium (red)

Type 2b - Low (red)

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11
Q

Capillary density for the fibre types

A

Type 1 - High

Type 2a - Medium

Type 2b - Low

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12
Q

Aerobic capacity for the fibre types

A

Type 1 - High

Type 2a - Medium

Type 2b - Low

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13
Q

Anaerobic capacity for the fibre types

A

Type 1 - Low

Type 2a - Medium

Type 2b - High

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14
Q

Force produced for fibre types

A

Type 1 - Low

Type 2a - high

Type 2b - v high

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15
Q

How much can training cause physiological adaptations in muscle fibres?

A

10-20%

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16
Q

What does regular exercise, following the principles of training increase?

A

Size and strength of all fibre types

== hypertrophy

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17
Q

What are type 2a fibres able to do depending on duration and intensity of training?

A

Take on characteristics of either type 1 or type 2b

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18
Q

Why does the body need energy? (5)

A

Muscular contractions + movements

Circulation of blood

Transmission of impulses

Digestion of food

Replacing + repairing tissue

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19
Q

What does it mean that ATP is exhausted within a few seconds?

A

Needs to be constantly resynthesised in order to provide a continuous supply of energy

20
Q

What type of compound is ATP

A

High energy

21
Q

What are the 3 energy systems in the body that can be used to provide energy for the resynthesis of ATP?

A

ATP-PC System (Anaerobic)

Lactic acid system (Anaerobic)

Aerobic system

22
Q

What happens in the ATP-PC system

A

Quickest energy supply so works first

System lasts until PC stores have run out (8-10secs)

23
Q

What activities is the ATP-PC system used for

A

High intensity

i.e 100m sprint, smash shot in tennis

24
Q

Equations for the ATP-PC energy system

A

ATP —(ATPase)—- ADP + P + ENERGY

PC —(creatine kinase)—- P + C + ENERGY

ENERGY + ADP + P —– ATP

25
Q

4 advantages to ATP-PC Energy system

A

Rapid energy release

No O2 required

No waste product

Creatin stored w/in the muscles

26
Q

disadvantages to ATP-PC energy systems

A

PC stores are limited (8-10secs)

Can take up to 3 mins to fully replenish PC stores

27
Q

When is the Lactic acid/glycolytic system used?

A

When stores of ATP + PC have run out + body still needs to provide energy quickly

Intense exercise lasting around 1-3mins

28
Q

Explain the Lactic acid/glycolytic system

A

Relies upon the breakdown of glycogen through anaerobic glycolysis

29
Q

Advantages to Lactic acid/glycolytic system

A

Quick

Reactions take place w/in sarcoplasm of muscle - less distance to sink

Greater energy yield than ATP-PC system as 2 molecules of ATP are produced for each molecule of glucose broken down

30
Q

Disadvantages to Lactic acid/glycolytic system

A

Only carbs in the form of glycogen can be used - NOT fat

Glycogen stores are limited

Lactic acid (by-product) causes fatigue

31
Q

What are the 3 sections the aerobic system are broken down into

A

Aerobic glycolysis

Kreb’s cycle

Electron transport system

32
Q

Explain aerobic glycolysis

A

Glucose/Glycogen

Glucose Phosphate

Fructose Bisphosphate

TPx2

Pyruvate x2

33
Q

Where does aerobic glycolysis take place?

A

In the sarcoplasm inside muscle cell

34
Q

Explain the Kreb’s cycle

A

AcCoA + Oxaloacetate (4C) compound — Citrate (6C)

(Dehydrogenation + Decarboxylation occur)

(5C) compound

(Dehydrogenation + Decarboxylation occur)

(4C) compound

(Substrate-level phosphorylation)

(4C) compound

(Dehydrogenation with FAD)

(4C) compound

(Dehydrogenation)

Oxaloacetate (4C)

35
Q

Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place

A

Within the matrix of the mitochondria

36
Q

Explain the electron transport system

A

Red. NAD is oxidised at 1st P pump by losing 2H. Then split – 2e- + 2H+.

High energy e- fuel the 1st P pump to pump 2H+ from MATRIX — IM space.

2 e- then passed to mobile e- carrier in membrane which takes e-‘s to 2nd P pump. Energy is used to pump 2 P across membrane into IM Space.

Repeat stage 3 at 3rd P pump.

2e-‘s then passed to O2 (final e- acceptor) to combine w. 2H+ —- H20.

==== P Pumps create a P gradient between IM space + matrix. == P diff ⬇️ conc. grad. through ATPsynthase. Energy released is used to ADP+Pi– ATP

37
Q

Advantages to the aerobic system

A

19 times more efficient than anaerobic as a total of 38 ATP molecules are produced.

CO2 + H2O byproducts are easily removed from body compared to lactic acid.

Can use fat OR carbohydrates

38
Q

Disadvantages to the aerobic system

A

Requires large amounts of O2

Complex chain reactions take longer to initiate

39
Q

What does the predominant energy system used to re-synthesis ATP depend on?

A

Intensity

Duration

Fitness level

40
Q

Predominant energy systems used to re-synthesis ATP

Explain intensity

A

More intense = more anaerobic energy be used (PC + muscle glycogen)

Low to medium = Aerobic system

41
Q

Predominant energy systems used to re-synthesis ATP

Explain duration

A

High intensity + over 2 mins = PC and muscle glycogen will become depleted + need repaying.

Intensity of exercise will drop as aerobic system becomes more dominant

42
Q

Predominant energy systems used to re-synthesis ATP

Explain fitness level

A

Higher level of aerobic fitness = longer time to reach anaerobic threshold.

Trained performer will have a higher point of OBLA and lactate threshold.

43
Q

Why is it beneficial to have a higher level of aerobic fitness?

A

Because as soon as performer works anaerobically there is only a limited supply of energy available.

44
Q

Define threshold

A

Point at which the predominant energy system can’t provide sufficient ATP to maintain the current intensity of exercise.

45
Q

What determines the % of VO2 max a performer can. use?

A

The OBLA

46
Q

What can an untrained person work at of their VO2 Max w/out fatiguing?

A

55-60%

Endurance training can ⬆️ this to 70-80%

47
Q

Explain the energy continue, during a 1500m race

A

Use of each energy system is determined by intensity + duration.

START = ATP-PC system as there’s a high intensity sprint off the line to gain position. - Limited to 10 secs so…

Anaerobic glycolysis used for 1st 100-150m. - Limited supply of muscle glycogen + build up of lactic acid means intensity has to drop.

Pace settles using aerobic system as you’re working at a lower intensity for high duration. Working under anaerobic threshold 60-80%

Towards end intensity ⬆️ so more anaerobic systems used.

FINAL sprint = PURE ATP-PC

P.E - E.P Yr 1 (10 decks)

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