Anatomy + Movement Analysis Flashcards
When might the level of stability decrease in terms of height of the centre of mass
Higher centre of mass = ⬇️ stability
What 4 biomechanical factors will determine the ability of an athlete to remain in neutral equilibrium
Height of the centre of mass
Position of line of gravity
Area of support base
Mass of performer
Define weight
Force that gravity exerts on a mass
Vector quantity
N
Define mass
Quantity of matter a body possesses
Scalar quantity
(Kg)
When is the lever at a mechanical advantage in terms of range of movement
When resistance arm is longer than effort arm
When is the lever at a mechanical disadvantage in terms of strength
When resistance arm is longer than effort arm
How do you calculate mechanical advantage
Effort arm / resistance arm
Which lever is good for producing a wide range of movement
Give examples
3rd class
I.e flexion of knee + hip when running
Or
Horizontal adduction of the shoulder hitting a forehand in tennis
What lever is best for generating force that magnified strength?
Give examples
2nd
I.e plantar flexion of the ankle during long jump take off - Agonist = gastrocnemius
Or
Dive in swimming
Which Lever is good for producing speed?
Give an example
1st class
I.e extension of the elbow during shot put - agonist = triceps branchii
Or
Triceps pull down
What is the rhyme to remember the levers
1 2 3 = F R E
Shows which element is situated in the middle of each particular system
What joint action is the supination
Transverse
Motion of palms facing upwards
Also possible at the ankle
What joint action is pronation
In the transverse plane
Motion of palms facing downwards
Also possible at the ankle
What 4 joint actions can occur in multiple planes or axis
Rotation
Pronation
Supination
Circumduction
From a starting position of 90° of shoulder flexion, what is horizontal adduction movement of the arm
Forward and inward
From a starting position of 90° of shoulder flexion, what is horizontal abduction movement of the arm
Backward and outward
What joint actions are there in the transverse plane and around the longitudinal axis
Horizontal abduction and adduction
Both can occur at the shoulder
Define lateral flexion
Sideways movement at spine combined with abduction when completing a cartwheel
What joint actions do the frontal plane and around frontal axis support
Abduction and adduction
Lateral flexion
What joint actions are there I. The sagittal plane and around the transverse axis
Flexion and extension
Incl plantar and Dorsi
Shoulder and hip can hyperextend (joint increase beyond 180°)
Which planes and axis work together
Sagittal plane and transverse axis
Frontal plane and frontal axis
Transverse plane and longitudinal axis
What are the 3 axes of movement
Longitudinal
frontal
Transverse
What are the 3 planes of movement
Frontal
Sagittal
Transverse
Define isometric contractions
Muscle remains the same length but it still producing force
Define isotonic eccentric
When muscle lengthens under tension
Body is fighting gravity, movement is often downwards
Define isotonic concentric
Muscle shortens under tension
What are the muscles called that stabilise the joint during move to in antagonistic pairs
The fixators
What are the muscles called that aid the agonist in antagonist muscle actions
Synergist muscles
What is the point called in which the muscle pulls on the bone to cause movement
Insertion
What is the point called where the end of the muscle is fixed to a bone
Origin
What happens to the antagonist pairs during an isotonic eccentric contraction?
The agonist switches
A performer completes a press up
At the elbow, what is the
Articulating bones
Main agonist
Type of contraction
Of the movement from holding at the top of a press up positions and moving down
Articulating bones = humerus, ulna and radius
Main agonist = tricep brachii
Type of contraction = isotonic eccentric
List the basic structure of a muscle zooming in
Tendons / Muscle
Blood vessels + nerves
Fascicles (bundles of muscle fibres) surrounded by connective tissues
1 muscle fibre
Myofibril
List the 4 functions of skeletal muscle
Movement
Support
Posture
Heat production
What is the structure and range of movement for the ball and socket joint
TRIAXIAL
Back + forth
Side to side
Rotational
What is the structure and range of movement for the saddle joint
BIAXIAL
Back + forth
Side to side
What is the structure and range of movement for the gliding joint
BIAXIAL
Back + forth
Side to side
What is the structure and range of movement for the ellipsoid / condyloid joint?
BIAXIAL
Back + forth
Side to side
What is the structure and range of movement for the pivot joint
UNIAXIAL
Rotation only
What is the structure and range of movement for the hinge joint?
UNIAXIAL
Back + forth movement only
List the 6 types of synovial joint
Hinge (elbow)
Pivot (atlas + axis)
Ellipsoid / Condyloid (wrist)
Gliding (tarsus)
Saddle (thumb)
Ball + socket (shoulder, hip)
What range does the synovial joint have
Wide range of movement
Vital for sporting activity
What range does the cartilaginous joint have
Rigid but slightly moveable
What range does the fibrous/fixed joint have
No observable movement
What are the 3 types of joint
Fibrous / fixed (Cranium)
Cartilaginous (vertebrae)
Synovial (knee, elbow, shoulder)
Define articular (hyaline) cartilage
High proportion of collagen
Ossifies in foetus but stays as the articular cartilage in adults.
Perichondrium (fibrous coat of connective tissue) surrounds it.
- Joining ribs to sternum
- articular cartilage at ends of bones = ⬇️ friction at joint
Exercise thickens this
Define white fibrocartilage
Makes intervertebral discs and ligaments
Strongest =
Collagen is organised in dense fibres so has greater tensile strength
Fibres are arranged in the direction of stress.
Can act as a shock absorber
i.e knee meniscus
Define yellow elastic cartilage
Flexible tissue
Intermediate in strength
Chondrocytes are surrounded by collagen + a network of fibres made of elastin.
i.e Ear pinna + Epiglottis
WHat are the 3 types of cartilage
Yellow elastic
White fibrocartilage
Articular (hyaline)
Define the cartilage
Firm matrix of connective tissue w/ no blood supply
Define the tendons
Attach muscle to bone
strong. elastic collagen tissues
Transmit force to cause movement
Define the ligaments
Attach bone to bone
Strong fibrous tissue
Stabilises joints to allow specific movement
What are the 3 soft tissues
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
Define sesamoid bones
Small, oval bones in tendons
Designed for injury prevention
i.e patella
Define flat bones
Smooth, even surface designed for muscle attachment + protection of organs
i.e Cranium + ribs
Define irregular bones
Complex shape
Designed for protection + multiple muscle attachments
i.e pelvic girdle
Define short bones
Compact shape + designed for weight bearing
i.e tarsals
Define long bones
Cylindrical shapes
Found in limbs + act as levers for movement
i.e femur
What are the 5 types of bone
Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid
What 2 sections is the skeleton split into
Axial (vertebral column, rib cage + cranium)
Appendicular (should + hip girdle, arms and legs = supported by the axial skeleton)
List the 5 functions of the skeleton
Protection
Support
Movement
Blood production
Mineral storage
Define force
Changes a body state of motion (N)
Define inertia
Resistance of a body to a change in state of motion.
What happens as soon as an object or body overcomes inertia?
It has momentum
Define momentum
Amount of motion a body possesses.
Define Newtons 1st law of Motion
Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state until acted upon by an external force.
Known as the law of inertia.
Define Newtons 2nd law of motion
The acceleration of an object or body of constant mass is directly proportional to the force acting on it.
Known as the law of acceleration
F = m x a
Define Newtons 3rd law of motion
For every action there’s an equal + opposite reaction
Known as the law of reaction.
Most common application = Person’s body weight (⬇️ force) causes a Ground reaction force (force ⬆️).
How do you calculate momentum?
Mass x velocity
Define impulse
Force x time
= Length of time the force is applied and is equal to the change of momentum
Define impact
High force or shock applied over a short time period when 2 bodies collide.
When analysing techniques what areas must you discuss
Joint analysis = i.e shoulder joint (ball + socket)
Movement types = i.e extension at elbow + wrist
Muscle action = i.e flexion by bicep brachii
Newtons laws
Power/strength…
