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P.E - E.P Yr 1 > Anatomy + Movement Analysis > Flashcards

Anatomy + Movement Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

When might the level of stability decrease in terms of height of the centre of mass

A

Higher centre of mass = ⬇️ stability

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2
Q

What 4 biomechanical factors will determine the ability of an athlete to remain in neutral equilibrium

A

Height of the centre of mass

Position of line of gravity

Area of support base

Mass of performer

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3
Q

Define weight

A

Force that gravity exerts on a mass

Vector quantity

N

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4
Q

Define mass

A

Quantity of matter a body possesses

Scalar quantity

(Kg)

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5
Q

When is the lever at a mechanical advantage in terms of range of movement

A

When resistance arm is longer than effort arm

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6
Q

When is the lever at a mechanical disadvantage in terms of strength

A

When resistance arm is longer than effort arm

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7
Q

How do you calculate mechanical advantage

A

Effort arm / resistance arm

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8
Q

Which lever is good for producing a wide range of movement

Give examples

A

3rd class

I.e flexion of knee + hip when running

Or

Horizontal adduction of the shoulder hitting a forehand in tennis

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9
Q

What lever is best for generating force that magnified strength?

Give examples

A

2nd

I.e plantar flexion of the ankle during long jump take off - Agonist = gastrocnemius

Or

Dive in swimming

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10
Q

Which Lever is good for producing speed?

Give an example

A

1st class

I.e extension of the elbow during shot put - agonist = triceps branchii

Or

Triceps pull down

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11
Q

What is the rhyme to remember the levers

A

1 2 3 = F R E

Shows which element is situated in the middle of each particular system

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12
Q

What joint action is the supination

A

Transverse

Motion of palms facing upwards

Also possible at the ankle

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13
Q

What joint action is pronation

A

In the transverse plane

Motion of palms facing downwards

Also possible at the ankle

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14
Q

What 4 joint actions can occur in multiple planes or axis

A

Rotation

Pronation

Supination

Circumduction

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15
Q

From a starting position of 90° of shoulder flexion, what is horizontal adduction movement of the arm

A

Forward and inward

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16
Q

From a starting position of 90° of shoulder flexion, what is horizontal abduction movement of the arm

A

Backward and outward

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17
Q

What joint actions are there in the transverse plane and around the longitudinal axis

A

Horizontal abduction and adduction

Both can occur at the shoulder

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18
Q

Define lateral flexion

A

Sideways movement at spine combined with abduction when completing a cartwheel

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19
Q

What joint actions do the frontal plane and around frontal axis support

A

Abduction and adduction

Lateral flexion

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20
Q

What joint actions are there I. The sagittal plane and around the transverse axis

A

Flexion and extension

Incl plantar and Dorsi

Shoulder and hip can hyperextend (joint increase beyond 180°)

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21
Q

Which planes and axis work together

A

Sagittal plane and transverse axis

Frontal plane and frontal axis

Transverse plane and longitudinal axis

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22
Q

What are the 3 axes of movement

A

Longitudinal

frontal

Transverse

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23
Q

What are the 3 planes of movement

A

Frontal

Sagittal

Transverse

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24
Q

Define isometric contractions

A

Muscle remains the same length but it still producing force

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25
Q

Define isotonic eccentric

A

When muscle lengthens under tension

Body is fighting gravity, movement is often downwards

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26
Q

Define isotonic concentric

A

Muscle shortens under tension

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27
Q

What are the muscles called that stabilise the joint during move to in antagonistic pairs

A

The fixators

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28
Q

What are the muscles called that aid the agonist in antagonist muscle actions

A

Synergist muscles

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29
Q

What is the point called in which the muscle pulls on the bone to cause movement

A

Insertion

30
Q

What is the point called where the end of the muscle is fixed to a bone

A

Origin

31
Q

What happens to the antagonist pairs during an isotonic eccentric contraction?

A

The agonist switches

32
Q

A performer completes a press up

At the elbow, what is the

Articulating bones
Main agonist
Type of contraction

Of the movement from holding at the top of a press up positions and moving down

A

Articulating bones = humerus, ulna and radius

Main agonist = tricep brachii

Type of contraction = isotonic eccentric

33
Q

List the basic structure of a muscle zooming in

A

Tendons / Muscle

Blood vessels + nerves

Fascicles (bundles of muscle fibres) surrounded by connective tissues

1 muscle fibre

Myofibril

34
Q

List the 4 functions of skeletal muscle

A

Movement

Support

Posture

Heat production

35
Q

What is the structure and range of movement for the ball and socket joint

A

TRIAXIAL

Back + forth

Side to side

Rotational

36
Q

What is the structure and range of movement for the saddle joint

A

BIAXIAL

Back + forth

Side to side

37
Q

What is the structure and range of movement for the gliding joint

A

BIAXIAL

Back + forth

Side to side

38
Q

What is the structure and range of movement for the ellipsoid / condyloid joint?

A

BIAXIAL

Back + forth

Side to side

39
Q

What is the structure and range of movement for the pivot joint

A

UNIAXIAL

Rotation only

40
Q

What is the structure and range of movement for the hinge joint?

A

UNIAXIAL

Back + forth movement only

41
Q

List the 6 types of synovial joint

A

Hinge (elbow)

Pivot (atlas + axis)

Ellipsoid / Condyloid (wrist)

Gliding (tarsus)

Saddle (thumb)

Ball + socket (shoulder, hip)

42
Q

What range does the synovial joint have

A

Wide range of movement

Vital for sporting activity

43
Q

What range does the cartilaginous joint have

A

Rigid but slightly moveable

44
Q

What range does the fibrous/fixed joint have

A

No observable movement

45
Q

What are the 3 types of joint

A

Fibrous / fixed (Cranium)

Cartilaginous (vertebrae)

Synovial (knee, elbow, shoulder)

46
Q

Define articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

High proportion of collagen

Ossifies in foetus but stays as the articular cartilage in adults.

Perichondrium (fibrous coat of connective tissue) surrounds it.

  • Joining ribs to sternum
  • articular cartilage at ends of bones = ⬇️ friction at joint

Exercise thickens this

47
Q

Define white fibrocartilage

A

Makes intervertebral discs and ligaments

Strongest =
Collagen is organised in dense fibres so has greater tensile strength

Fibres are arranged in the direction of stress.

Can act as a shock absorber
i.e knee meniscus

48
Q

Define yellow elastic cartilage

A

Flexible tissue

Intermediate in strength

Chondrocytes are surrounded by collagen + a network of fibres made of elastin.

i.e Ear pinna + Epiglottis

49
Q

WHat are the 3 types of cartilage

A

Yellow elastic

White fibrocartilage

Articular (hyaline)

50
Q

Define the cartilage

A

Firm matrix of connective tissue w/ no blood supply

51
Q

Define the tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone

strong. elastic collagen tissues

Transmit force to cause movement

52
Q

Define the ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone

Strong fibrous tissue

Stabilises joints to allow specific movement

53
Q

What are the 3 soft tissues

A

Ligaments

Tendons

Cartilage

54
Q

Define sesamoid bones

A

Small, oval bones in tendons

Designed for injury prevention

i.e patella

55
Q

Define flat bones

A

Smooth, even surface designed for muscle attachment + protection of organs

i.e Cranium + ribs

56
Q

Define irregular bones

A

Complex shape

Designed for protection + multiple muscle attachments

i.e pelvic girdle

57
Q

Define short bones

A

Compact shape + designed for weight bearing

i.e tarsals

58
Q

Define long bones

A

Cylindrical shapes

Found in limbs + act as levers for movement

i.e femur

59
Q

What are the 5 types of bone

A

Long

Short

Irregular

Flat

Sesamoid

60
Q

What 2 sections is the skeleton split into

A

Axial (vertebral column, rib cage + cranium)

Appendicular (should + hip girdle, arms and legs = supported by the axial skeleton)

61
Q

List the 5 functions of the skeleton

A

Protection

Support

Movement

Blood production

Mineral storage

62
Q

Define force

A

Changes a body state of motion (N)

63
Q

Define inertia

A

Resistance of a body to a change in state of motion.

64
Q

What happens as soon as an object or body overcomes inertia?

A

It has momentum

65
Q

Define momentum

A

Amount of motion a body possesses.

66
Q

Define Newtons 1st law of Motion

A

Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state until acted upon by an external force.

Known as the law of inertia.

67
Q

Define Newtons 2nd law of motion

A

The acceleration of an object or body of constant mass is directly proportional to the force acting on it.

Known as the law of acceleration

F = m x a

68
Q

Define Newtons 3rd law of motion

A

For every action there’s an equal + opposite reaction

Known as the law of reaction.

Most common application = Person’s body weight (⬇️ force) causes a Ground reaction force (force ⬆️).

69
Q

How do you calculate momentum?

A

Mass x velocity

70
Q

Define impulse

A

Force x time

= Length of time the force is applied and is equal to the change of momentum

71
Q

Define impact

A

High force or shock applied over a short time period when 2 bodies collide.

72
Q

When analysing techniques what areas must you discuss

A

Joint analysis = i.e shoulder joint (ball + socket)

Movement types = i.e extension at elbow + wrist

Muscle action = i.e flexion by bicep brachii

Newtons laws

Power/strength…

P.E - E.P Yr 1 (10 decks)

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