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NUR256- 2016 > Short answer questions > Flashcards

Short answer questions Flashcards

1
Q

Prescribing by generic name helps….

A
  • Avoid confusion
  • reduce cost
  • reduce medication errors
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2
Q

The standard for the uniform scheduling of medicines and poisons classifies drugs in….

A
  • relation to safety
  • availability to the public and
  • their therapeutic uses
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3
Q

Three processes that contribute to the renal excretion of drugs are…

A
  • Glomerular filtration
  • secretion and
  • reabsorption
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4
Q

A hallucinogen is a drug that….

A

produces auditory or visual hallucinations

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5
Q

Drug therapy of angina is aimed at either…

A
  • relaxing coronary artery smooth muscle to improve perfusion
  • decreasing metabolic demand of heart or both
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6
Q

Drug groups used in the treatment of asthma include…

A
  • Bronchodilators- short acting b2 adrenoreceptor agonists, theophylline and anticholinergics
  • Symptom controllers- long acting beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists
  • preventor- inhaled corticosteroids, cromones, leukotriene receptor antagonists
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7
Q

Name 2 principle factors that determine oral bioavailability.

A

The amount of drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

The amount of drug escaping extraction.

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8
Q

Drug distribution involves?

A

The process of reversible transfer of a drug between one location and another in the body

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9
Q

List 3 factors that contribute to interindividual variability in drug metabolism

A
  • genetics
  • environmental factors
  • age and gender
  • disease state
  • hormonal changes
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10
Q

Off-label prescribing refers to?

A

A drug being prescribed for an indication, a patient group or by a route not included in the approved information.

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11
Q

Polypharmacy is?

A

The concurrent use of multiple medications, usually 5 or more drugs including all prescribed, OTC and CAM medicines

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12
Q

To be listed by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme as a subsidised drug requires the drug to be?

A

Safe and effective but also cost effective

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13
Q

A drug is defined as?

A

Any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.

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14
Q

Pharmacodynamics is defined as?

A

The study of the interaction between drug, the target and the response. Refers to what the drug does in the body

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15
Q

Pharmacokinetics s defined as?

A

What the body does to the drug, including how the body breaks down the drug; how the drug is absorbed or metabolised in the body.

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16
Q

Amphetamine have 4 main effects on the CNS. What are they?

A
  1. Euphoria
  2. Locomotor stimulation (increased alertness)
  3. Anorexia (appetite suppression)
  4. Stereotyped behaviours (repeated inappropriate actions)
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17
Q

The quality use of medicines requires?

A

Selecting management options wisely.
Choosing suitable medicines if a drug is considered advisable.
Using medicines safely and effectively

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18
Q

List 4 factors that influence changing patterns of drug use.

A
  • new technologies
  • new uses for old drugs
  • better understanding of mechanisms
  • changes in popularity
  • better understanding of aetiology
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19
Q

To be listed by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme as a subsidised drug requires the drug to be?

A

Not only safe & effective but also cost effective

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20
Q

List 4 factors that may affect patient compliance

A
  • bad taste or pain on admission
  • adverse effects occurring
  • cost or difficulty obtaining medicines
  • poor communication
  • lack of support
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21
Q

Enteric coated drugs are used to?

A

Prevent decomposing of chemically sensitive drugs by gastric secretions.
Provide delayed reaction.
Prevent dilution of the drug before reaching the intestines

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22
Q

Drugs not considered safe enough for use by the general public without medical supervision are restricted to?

A

Prescription only status

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23
Q

Typically OTC products include?

A
  • paracetamol
  • antihistamines
  • decongestant
  • antidiarrhetics
24
Q

An OTC or Prescription-Only drug may fall into various drug schedules depending on?

A
  • does to be administered
  • Strength of the drug
  • number in the pack
  • route given
  • condition for which it is indicated
25
Q

The regulation of medicinal drugs in Australia has 3 primary aims?

A
  1. To control the supply of drugs prone to abuse
  2. To regulate the availability of substances for therapeutic use (safety & quality)
  3. To include certain products on government sponsored assistance schemes
26
Q

The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a program in which?

A

Already registered drugs deemed to be essential to the community but too expensive for individual purchase are partially subsidised by the government

27
Q

Variables that affect drug absorption are?

A
  • nature of absorbing surface
  • solubility of the drug
  • ionisation
28
Q

The 2 principal factors that determine oral bioavailability are?

A
  • the amount of drug absorbed in the GI tract

- the amount of drug escaping extraction

29
Q

Drug distribution involves?

A

The process of reversible transfer of a drug between one location and another in the body.

30
Q

Drug metabolism reactions are classified as?

A

Either functional or conjugation

31
Q

The 3 processes that contribute to the renal excretion of drugs are?

A
  • diffusion
  • transported across the apical membrane
  • transported into the bile
32
Q

Harmful effects of sleep deprivation include?

A
  • depression
  • mental disturbances
  • hallucinations
  • metabolic derangements
33
Q

All hypnotic and sedative drugs are?

A

Not recommended for patients over 60 years as they are drugs of dependence

34
Q

The main differences between sedatives and hypnotics is?

A

Hypnotics induce sleep while sedatives reduce alertness, consciousness, nervousness and produce a calming effect.
One major difference is the degree of CNS depression induced.

35
Q

The main indications for benzodiazepines are?

A
  • anxiety disorders
  • insomnia
  • sleep disturbances
  • seizure disorders
  • alcohol withdrawals
  • muscle spasm
  • panic disorders
  • to calm aggressive patients
36
Q

The anti epileptic drug selected for therapy depends on?

A

The type of seizure

37
Q

Extra pyramidal effects include?

A

Those involving motor stimulation mediated via pathways in the extrapyramidal system

38
Q

Antidepressant drugs are effective in the treatment of?

A
  • moderate to severe depressive disorders
  • PTSD
  • neuroses (anxiety disorder, OCD, eating disorder, panic disorder)
39
Q

Amphetamine-like drugs approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders are?

A
  • dexamphetamines
  • lisdexamfetamine
  • methylphenidate
40
Q

4 main central actions of amphetamine-like drugs are?

A
  • euphoria
  • locomotor stimulation
  • anorexia
  • stereotyped behaviours
41
Q

Caffeine, theophylline and theobromine are?

A

Methylxanthines- naturally occurring chemicals found in beverages - tea, coffee, cola

42
Q

Caffeine is indicated clinically for the treatment of?

A
  • respiratory disorders- bronchodilator
  • apnoea
  • asthma
  • COPD
43
Q

Vasodilator drugs are used for the treatment of a variety of disorders including?

A
  • angina
  • shock
  • cardiac failure
  • hypertension
  • peripheral vascular conditions
44
Q

Drug therapy of angina is aimed at?

A
  • relaxing coronary artery smooth muscle thus improving perfusion
  • reducing metabolic demand
45
Q

the overriding goal go anti hypertensive drug therapy is?

A

To manage it through non pharmacological ways (lifestyle changes)

46
Q

The main classes of lipid-lowering drugs are?

A
  • statins
  • bile acid binding resins
  • fibrates
  • fish oil
47
Q

Management strategies for dyslipidaemia include?

A
  • dietary modifications

- modifiable risk factors

48
Q

Bronchodilation occurs by stimulation of?

A

B2-adrenoreceptors

49
Q

Mucolytics are?

A

Drugs that help to disintegrate mucus from the lungs

50
Q

Expectorants aid in?

A

The removal of sputum from the bronchial passage.

51
Q

Oxygen is a therapeutic gas essential to life and is used to treat?

A
  • hypoxia
  • hypoxaemia
  • influenza
  • cyanosis
  • shock
52
Q

Drugs used in the treatment of asthma include?

A
  • Relievers = Bronchodilators- B2 receptor agonists=theophyllines & anticholinergics
  • Preventers- inhaled corticosteroids= leutrotriene
  • Symptom controllers-
53
Q

Cough suppressants are use to?

A
  • decrease intensity & frequency of the cough

- permit adequate elimination of tracheobronchial secretions and exudate

54
Q

Drugs that neutralise or inhibit gastric acid secretion include?

A
  • omeprazole
  • lansoprazole
  • pantoprazole
  • robeprazole
  • esomeprazole
55
Q

Causes of constipation include?

A
  • disordered bowel habits
  • various disease states
  • lack of dietary fibre
  • drug or lack of fluid intake
56
Q

Drug causing constipation include?

A
  • aluminium antacids
  • anticholinergics
  • tricyclics
  • antidepressants
  • opioids
  • calcium channel blockers
  • verapamil
  • amodipine

NUR256- 2016 (11 decks)

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