Short answer questions Flashcards
Prescribing by generic name helps….
- Avoid confusion
- reduce cost
- reduce medication errors
The standard for the uniform scheduling of medicines and poisons classifies drugs in….
- relation to safety
- availability to the public and
- their therapeutic uses
Three processes that contribute to the renal excretion of drugs are…
- Glomerular filtration
- secretion and
- reabsorption
A hallucinogen is a drug that….
produces auditory or visual hallucinations
Drug therapy of angina is aimed at either…
- relaxing coronary artery smooth muscle to improve perfusion
- decreasing metabolic demand of heart or both
Drug groups used in the treatment of asthma include…
- Bronchodilators- short acting b2 adrenoreceptor agonists, theophylline and anticholinergics
- Symptom controllers- long acting beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists
- preventor- inhaled corticosteroids, cromones, leukotriene receptor antagonists
Name 2 principle factors that determine oral bioavailability.
The amount of drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
The amount of drug escaping extraction.
Drug distribution involves?
The process of reversible transfer of a drug between one location and another in the body
List 3 factors that contribute to interindividual variability in drug metabolism
- genetics
- environmental factors
- age and gender
- disease state
- hormonal changes
Off-label prescribing refers to?
A drug being prescribed for an indication, a patient group or by a route not included in the approved information.
Polypharmacy is?
The concurrent use of multiple medications, usually 5 or more drugs including all prescribed, OTC and CAM medicines
To be listed by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme as a subsidised drug requires the drug to be?
Safe and effective but also cost effective
A drug is defined as?
Any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.
Pharmacodynamics is defined as?
The study of the interaction between drug, the target and the response. Refers to what the drug does in the body
Pharmacokinetics s defined as?
What the body does to the drug, including how the body breaks down the drug; how the drug is absorbed or metabolised in the body.
Amphetamine have 4 main effects on the CNS. What are they?
- Euphoria
- Locomotor stimulation (increased alertness)
- Anorexia (appetite suppression)
- Stereotyped behaviours (repeated inappropriate actions)
The quality use of medicines requires?
Selecting management options wisely.
Choosing suitable medicines if a drug is considered advisable.
Using medicines safely and effectively
List 4 factors that influence changing patterns of drug use.
- new technologies
- new uses for old drugs
- better understanding of mechanisms
- changes in popularity
- better understanding of aetiology
To be listed by the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme as a subsidised drug requires the drug to be?
Not only safe & effective but also cost effective
List 4 factors that may affect patient compliance
- bad taste or pain on admission
- adverse effects occurring
- cost or difficulty obtaining medicines
- poor communication
- lack of support
Enteric coated drugs are used to?
Prevent decomposing of chemically sensitive drugs by gastric secretions.
Provide delayed reaction.
Prevent dilution of the drug before reaching the intestines
Drugs not considered safe enough for use by the general public without medical supervision are restricted to?
Prescription only status
Typically OTC products include?
- paracetamol
- antihistamines
- decongestant
- antidiarrhetics
An OTC or Prescription-Only drug may fall into various drug schedules depending on?
- does to be administered
- Strength of the drug
- number in the pack
- route given
- condition for which it is indicated
The regulation of medicinal drugs in Australia has 3 primary aims?
- To control the supply of drugs prone to abuse
- To regulate the availability of substances for therapeutic use (safety & quality)
- To include certain products on government sponsored assistance schemes
The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a program in which?
Already registered drugs deemed to be essential to the community but too expensive for individual purchase are partially subsidised by the government
Variables that affect drug absorption are?
- nature of absorbing surface
- solubility of the drug
- ionisation
The 2 principal factors that determine oral bioavailability are?
- the amount of drug absorbed in the GI tract
- the amount of drug escaping extraction
Drug distribution involves?
The process of reversible transfer of a drug between one location and another in the body.
Drug metabolism reactions are classified as?
Either functional or conjugation
The 3 processes that contribute to the renal excretion of drugs are?
- diffusion
- transported across the apical membrane
- transported into the bile
Harmful effects of sleep deprivation include?
- depression
- mental disturbances
- hallucinations
- metabolic derangements
All hypnotic and sedative drugs are?
Not recommended for patients over 60 years as they are drugs of dependence
The main differences between sedatives and hypnotics is?
Hypnotics induce sleep while sedatives reduce alertness, consciousness, nervousness and produce a calming effect.
One major difference is the degree of CNS depression induced.
The main indications for benzodiazepines are?
- anxiety disorders
- insomnia
- sleep disturbances
- seizure disorders
- alcohol withdrawals
- muscle spasm
- panic disorders
- to calm aggressive patients
The anti epileptic drug selected for therapy depends on?
The type of seizure
Extra pyramidal effects include?
Those involving motor stimulation mediated via pathways in the extrapyramidal system
Antidepressant drugs are effective in the treatment of?
- moderate to severe depressive disorders
- PTSD
- neuroses (anxiety disorder, OCD, eating disorder, panic disorder)
Amphetamine-like drugs approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders are?
- dexamphetamines
- lisdexamfetamine
- methylphenidate
4 main central actions of amphetamine-like drugs are?
- euphoria
- locomotor stimulation
- anorexia
- stereotyped behaviours
Caffeine, theophylline and theobromine are?
Methylxanthines- naturally occurring chemicals found in beverages - tea, coffee, cola
Caffeine is indicated clinically for the treatment of?
- respiratory disorders- bronchodilator
- apnoea
- asthma
- COPD
Vasodilator drugs are used for the treatment of a variety of disorders including?
- angina
- shock
- cardiac failure
- hypertension
- peripheral vascular conditions
Drug therapy of angina is aimed at?
- relaxing coronary artery smooth muscle thus improving perfusion
- reducing metabolic demand
the overriding goal go anti hypertensive drug therapy is?
To manage it through non pharmacological ways (lifestyle changes)
The main classes of lipid-lowering drugs are?
- statins
- bile acid binding resins
- fibrates
- fish oil
Management strategies for dyslipidaemia include?
- dietary modifications
- modifiable risk factors
Bronchodilation occurs by stimulation of?
B2-adrenoreceptors
Mucolytics are?
Drugs that help to disintegrate mucus from the lungs
Expectorants aid in?
The removal of sputum from the bronchial passage.
Oxygen is a therapeutic gas essential to life and is used to treat?
- hypoxia
- hypoxaemia
- influenza
- cyanosis
- shock
Drugs used in the treatment of asthma include?
- Relievers = Bronchodilators- B2 receptor agonists=theophyllines & anticholinergics
- Preventers- inhaled corticosteroids= leutrotriene
- Symptom controllers-
Cough suppressants are use to?
- decrease intensity & frequency of the cough
- permit adequate elimination of tracheobronchial secretions and exudate
Drugs that neutralise or inhibit gastric acid secretion include?
- omeprazole
- lansoprazole
- pantoprazole
- robeprazole
- esomeprazole
Causes of constipation include?
- disordered bowel habits
- various disease states
- lack of dietary fibre
- drug or lack of fluid intake
Drug causing constipation include?
- aluminium antacids
- anticholinergics
- tricyclics
- antidepressants
- opioids
- calcium channel blockers
- verapamil
- amodipine
