Shit you gotta know - Gastro

Question 1

Causes of dysentery, haemorragic collitis respectively. how is dysentery different?

Answer 1

D = EIEC or shigella. Pus in poo
H = EHEC (produces shiga toxins)

Question 2

where is muscularis externa and what is it made of? where is this different

Answer 2

after submucosa, inner circumferential muscle and outer longitudinal. Ganglia b/w layers. Stomach has 3rd oblique layer of muscle

Question 3

distinctive feature of duodenum histologically

Answer 3

brunner’s glands

Question 4

what do brunners glands do

Answer 4

secrete alkaline mucus and bicarb

Question 5

distinctive feature of ileum histologically

Answer 5

peyer’s patches

Question 6

2 key difs b/w LI and SI histologically

Answer 6

no villi, more goblets

Question 7

which nerve is responsible for cephalic reflecx

Answer 7

vagas

Question 8

what do ECL produce? chief? parietal?

Answer 8

histamine, pepsinogen, H and Cl

Question 9

intrinsic fatcor is produce by what? function?

Answer 9

PArietal, B12 absorption

Question 10

what stimulates parietal cells (3)

Answer 10

vagas, gastrin and histamine

Question 11

function of Interstitial cells of Cajal

Answer 11

pacemakers for the smooth muscle in the GIT

Question 12

what gives neg feedback to D cells

Answer 12

H+

Question 13

what stimulates CCK

Answer 13

fat

Question 14

how does glucose enter SI cells from lumen? exit to blood?

Answer 14

SGLT, exits via GLUT 2

Question 15

4 things that can damage the mucosal layer of stomach/dudodenum

Answer 15

h Pylori, NSAIDS, bile, alc

Question 16

how do prostglandins interact with stomach mucosa

Answer 16

inhibit acid secretion and stimulate bicarb + mucus secretion

Question 17

def of ulcer

Answer 17

must extend beyond muscularis mucosae

Question 18

3 main types of chronic gastritis

Answer 18

A(autoimmune) B(bacteria - H. pylori) C(chemical -NSAIDS/bile reflux)

Question 19

common place of peptice ulcer disease and most common cause

Answer 19

D1 then antrum (4:1). H pylori easily most common cause

Question 20

3 potential complication of peptic ulcers

Answer 20

perforation causing peritonitis. Haemorrhage due to eroding blood vessel (can cause rapid or slow blood loss).
penetration into pancreas or liver

Question 21

3 histological features of ceoliac. gold standard?

Answer 21

increaese in IELs in surface epithelium, villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. small bowel biopsy

Question 22

genes in ceoliac

Answer 22

HLA-DQ2, DQ8

Question 23

types of hepatitis

Answer 23

A and E acute (faecal oral), B = sex or perinatal, C = IV, D gets in with B

Question 24

is chronic infection of hep B likely? c?

Answer 24

only if under 5. high chance

Question 25

long term sequale of untreated B and C? most common cause of liver cancer?

Answer 25

liver cancer and cirrhocsis. hep B

Question 26

info about adenomas of colon? what else called?

Answer 26

also called adenomatous polyps, are quite prevalent. They are found commonly at colonoscopy. They are removed because of their tendency to become malignant and to lead to colon cancer

Question 27

what is FAP

Answer 27

Familial adenomatous polyposis - familial colon cancer

Question 28

cytocrhome P450s are monoxyegenases that catalyse which reaction?

Answer 28

RH + NADPH + H+ ----> ROH + H2O + NADP+

Question 29

where sepcfically are CYP 450s

Answer 29

ER and mitochondria of liver

Question 30

dif b/w Gilberts, Dubin Johnson and Crigler-Najar

Answer 30

``` CN= cant conjugate due to lack of enzyme (UDP) (bad coz unconjugated is toxic). G = less of enzyme so just occasionally get jaundice during increased haemolysis. DJ = cant secrete into caniculi so build up in blood ( ```

Question 31

which cytochrome involved in alc metabolism

Answer 31

CYP 2E1

Question 32

2ndary alc metabolism path

Answer 32

MEOS (microsomal ethanol oxidising system)

Question 33

appart from CCK what other duodenal hormone helps induce pancreatic secretion

Answer 33

secretin

Question 34

2 most common causes of pancreatitis.

Answer 34

alc and gallstones

Question 35

how do gallstones cause pancreatitis

Answer 35

block pancreatic duct, trapping juices inside pancreas

Question 36

jaundice in a new born with catarcts indicates what? treatment

Answer 36

galactosaemia - no dairy

Question 37

most common enzyme defficiency in world? problem

Answer 37

G6PD - causes haemolyitc anaemia in infection. many drugs contraindicated

Question 38

death of Hepatocytes raises what

Answer 38

ALT

Question 39

3 types of acute hepatitis (histologically). what causes each

Answer 39

lobular disarray (Hep A or B), Zonal Necrosis (paracetamol), Mallory bodies (alcohol)

Question 40

all chronic liver disease lead to what? define anatmoically

Answer 40

cirrhosis - regenerating hepatocytes surrounded by fibrous tissue

Question 41

most common cause of portal hypertension

Answer 41

cirrhosis

Question 42

consequences of portal hypertension (3)?

Answer 42

splenic enlargement, ascites, varices at porto-systemic anastamoses (rectum and oesophagus)

Question 43

portal and periportal inflammation are also known as what? what is cause

Answer 43

interface hepatitis - chronic hepatitis (B,C or autoimmune)

Question 44

what is ASH - characteristics? c.f with NASH

Answer 44

alcoholic steatohepatitis - fatty liver. | NASH is essentially same just not caused by alc

Question 45

ALP comes from where?

Answer 45

hepatocyte membrane (P for perimeter)

Question 46

AST>ALT means what? ALT>AST =?

Answer 46

acute hepatitis. Chron/resolving

Question 47

Fructose cannot be absorbed by what

Answer 47

muscle