Shit gotta know - inter Flashcards
what family is HIV? what typeof nucleic acid?what receptor does it bind to on entry? where is replication? where is assembly?
retrovirdae, ss RNA. binds to CD4 receptor on entry, replicates in nucleus, assembles in cytoplasm.
name 3 ways HIV avoids immune response
high mutation rate, latency, altered antigen presentation
4 targets for anti HIV drugs
fusion/entry inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors
where do most lesions arise from in breast path?
epithelium of the terminal duct lobular unit
dif b/w fibrocystic change and fibroadenoma in breast path?
cyst = benign. multifocal and bilateral. fibrosis with cyst formation.Adenoma = benign - usually in younger women. solitary well circumscribed mass. presents as lump
define a carcinoma in situ. name the 2 types.what are the 2 invasive carcinomas? which is more common
Malignant population of cells confined to ducts and/or acini, w/o invasion through basement membrane.Ductal Carcinoma in Situ.Lobular Carcinoma in Situ.same as non-invasive. Ductal and lobular. Ductal much more common (D for Death).
skin circulation?
2 main plexuses.Papillary plexus - Beneath papillary dermis.Cutaneous plexus- At junction of dermis and hypodermis.
where is the thickest skin
on back
what type of cell is a merkel cell? role
neuroendocrine, somatosensory
pain fibres of the peripheral nerve and their difs?
A delta = fast. C = slow
3 organisms that transmit via airborne
TB, measles, Varicella
type of virus is ebola? countries affected? how long til symptoms appear after infection? when and how can transmission occur?
Filovirus, Guniea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. 2-21 days. transmission only during clinical illness via body fluids
definition of fever? when is temperature higher? optimum temp for immune response?
oral above 37.8 or morning above 37.2. Higher in afternoon. Optimum temp for immune is 39.5
4 differentials for PUO
infection, connective tissue disorder, malignancies, other (drugs)
in which disease can Pseudomonas Aurigenosa be potentially more virulent
Cystic Fibrosis
which common superficial places can Pseudomonas Aurigenosa infect (2)?
skin: wound infection or ottitus externaeye: keratitis(cornea)
how do biofilms aid bacterial survival?
resist mechanical removal and are less visible to the innate immune system
what do dermatophytes cause?
tinea
where is candida albicans carried in the body (2)
gut and vagina
which virus is associated with lymphomas
EBV
name 3 risk factors for lymphomas
immunosuppresion, some autoimmune diseases (hashimotos) and EBV
explain what does trachoma cause? how can it be prevented
repeated infections causes blindness. can be treated with good facial hygiene.
3 types of haemoglobinopathies - give an example
- decreased/no synthesis of globin chains (a or b thalassemia).2. Structural variation to Hb (sickle cell anaemia).3. persistent fetal haemoglobin HbF (not clinical).
genetic mutation for each of alpha, beta and sickle cell?
alpha = large deletion.other 2 are point mutations
