Shit gotta know - inter

Question 1

what family is HIV? what typeof nucleic acid?what receptor does it bind to on entry? where is replication? where is assembly?

Answer 1

retrovirdae, ss RNA. binds to CD4 receptor on entry, replicates in nucleus, assembles in cytoplasm.

Question 2

name 3 ways HIV avoids immune response

Answer 2

high mutation rate, latency, altered antigen presentation

Question 3

4 targets for anti HIV drugs

Answer 3

fusion/entry inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, protease inhibitors

Question 4

where do most lesions arise from in breast path?

Answer 4

epithelium of the terminal duct lobular unit

Question 5

dif b/w fibrocystic change and fibroadenoma in breast path?

Answer 5

cyst = benign. multifocal and bilateral. fibrosis with cyst formation.Adenoma = benign - usually in younger women. solitary well circumscribed mass. presents as lump

Question 6

define a carcinoma in situ. name the 2 types.what are the 2 invasive carcinomas? which is more common

Answer 6

Malignant population of cells confined to ducts and/or acini, w/o invasion through basement membrane.Ductal Carcinoma in Situ.Lobular Carcinoma in Situ.same as non-invasive. Ductal and lobular. Ductal much more common (D for Death).

Question 7

skin circulation?

Answer 7

2 main plexuses.Papillary plexus - Beneath papillary dermis.Cutaneous plexus- At junction of dermis and hypodermis.

Question 8

where is the thickest skin

Answer 8

on back

Question 9

what type of cell is a merkel cell? role

Answer 9

neuroendocrine, somatosensory

Question 10

pain fibres of the peripheral nerve and their difs?

Answer 10

A delta = fast. C = slow

Question 11

3 organisms that transmit via airborne

Answer 11

TB, measles, Varicella

Question 12

type of virus is ebola? countries affected? how long til symptoms appear after infection? when and how can transmission occur?

Answer 12

Filovirus, Guniea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. 2-21 days. transmission only during clinical illness via body fluids

Question 13

definition of fever? when is temperature higher? optimum temp for immune response?

Answer 13

oral above 37.8 or morning above 37.2. Higher in afternoon. Optimum temp for immune is 39.5

Question 14

4 differentials for PUO

Answer 14

infection, connective tissue disorder, malignancies, other (drugs)

Question 15

in which disease can Pseudomonas Aurigenosa be potentially more virulent

Answer 15

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 16

which common superficial places can Pseudomonas Aurigenosa infect (2)?

Answer 16

skin: wound infection or ottitus externaeye: keratitis(cornea)

Question 17

how do biofilms aid bacterial survival?

Answer 17

resist mechanical removal and are less visible to the innate immune system

Question 18

what do dermatophytes cause?

Answer 18

tinea

Question 19

where is candida albicans carried in the body (2)

Answer 19

gut and vagina

Question 20

which virus is associated with lymphomas

Answer 20

EBV

Question 21

name 3 risk factors for lymphomas

Answer 21

immunosuppresion, some autoimmune diseases (hashimotos) and EBV

Question 22

explain what does trachoma cause? how can it be prevented

Answer 22

repeated infections causes blindness. can be treated with good facial hygiene.

Question 23

3 types of haemoglobinopathies - give an example

Answer 23

1. decreased/no synthesis of globin chains (a or b thalassemia).2. Structural variation to Hb (sickle cell anaemia).3. persistent fetal haemoglobin HbF (not clinical).

Question 24

genetic mutation for each of alpha, beta and sickle cell?

Answer 24

alpha = large deletion.other 2 are point mutations

Question 25

symptoms of beta thalasseima? (4)

Answer 25

failure to thrive, anaemic, thinning of long bones & cranial bones(to make more blood cells) ,facial maxillary overgrowthHepatosplenomegaly

Question 26

name 3 mechanisms for gene mutation

Answer 26

chromosomal translocation, point mutation and viral/bacterial

Question 27

Philadelphia chromosome is involved in which leukaemia? 2 chromosomes and genes involved

Answer 27

CML. 22;9 Bcr-Abl

Question 28

what happens in folliculitis and what is most common cause?

Answer 28

blockage of hair follicle caused by Staph A

Question 29

M protein is a virulence determinant associated with which organism

Answer 29

GAS

Question 30

what is a NET? which bacteria can overcome this and how

Answer 30

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap - the neutrophil essentially forms a net of DNA arround the organism. GAS can overcome this with a DNAse

Question 31

what kind of trauma is pseudomonas infection likely to result (2)

Answer 31

diabetic foot ulcer and burn

Question 32

how much blood is made? how often

Answer 32

red cell 3-5 x 10^12 p/L. 120 daysWhite 2-6 x 10^9 p/L. 3-5 daysPlatelets 150-400 X 10^9 p/L. 10 days

Question 33

sites of Haemopoiesis throughout life

Answer 33

Yolk Sac - first few weeks.Liver and spleen - 6weeks-7 months.Bone marrow - 7 months- throughout life

Question 34

name 3 haemantics

Answer 34

iron, B12, folate

Question 35

non anaemic sign of iron defficiency

Answer 35

pica

Question 36

components of a RBC (3)

Answer 36

membrane, haemoglobin, enzymes

Question 37

anaemia is defined…

Answer 37

Hb levels below that which is normal for age and gender

Question 38

2 main reasons for microcytic anaemia, one for child and one for adult

Answer 38

iron defficiency (diet) and blood loss (colon cancer)