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fall A 2024 > Shetty's review questions pt 2 > Flashcards

Shetty's review questions pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The lymphatic system consists of all the following except:

A) blood
B) lymph nodes
C) lymphatic vessels
D) lymph

A

A) blood

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2
Q

Which of the following applies to the thoracic duct?

A) it drains the entire body above the diaphragm
B) it empties its contents into the subclavian vein
C) it carries blood into the lymphatic system
D) it arises in the vessels of the brain

A

B) it empties its contents into the subclavian vein

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3
Q

Lymphatic capillaries resemble blood capillaries because lymphatic capillaries

A) have the same permeability as blood capillaries
B) lead to the vena cava
C) have a lining of endothelium
D) are thick-walled tubes

A

C) have a lining of endothelium

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4
Q

The fluid that passes through the lymphatic vessels

A) Flows toward the lungs
B) Passes from the lymphatic vessels into the arteries
C) Enters the left ventricle of the heart through the right thoracic duct
D) Moves in a single direction toward the heart

A

D) Moves in a single direction toward the heart

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5
Q

The t-lymphocytes and b-lymphocytes are the major cells of the

A) Lymph nodes
B) Lymphatic vessels
C) Adrenal gland
D) Thymus

A

A) Lymph nodes

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6
Q

Lymph nodes may be located in the human body in the tissues of the

A) stomach and brain
B) groin and neck
C) Oventricle and atrium
D) thyroid gland and adrenal gland

A

B) groin and neck

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7
Q

The movement of fluid through the lymphatic vessels is assisted by

A) pressure from the right ventricle
B) pressure of contracting skeletal muscles
C) movement of phagocytes such as macrophages
D) movement of red blood cells

A

B) pressure of contracting skeletal muscles

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8
Q

Those lymphatic vessels that are rich in fat

A) are found only in the brain
B) are known as lacteals
C) enter the left atrium of the heart
D) are found only within the spleen

A

B) are known as lacteals

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9
Q

Which of the following is not likely to be found in the lymph?

A) red blood cells
B) protein molecules
C) microorganisms
D) macrophages

A

A) red blood cells

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10
Q

All the following functions are associated with the spleen except

A) it provides a filtration system for blood
B) it is the site of red blood cell breakdown
C) it is a storage depot for blood
D) it is the major site of white blood cell formation

A

D) it is the major site of white blood cell formation

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11
Q

The lymphokines secreted by cytotoxic t-lymphocytes increase the activity of

A) red blood cells
B) brain cells
C) macrophages
D) b-lymphocytes

A

D) b-lymphocytes

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12
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A. Lower part of the mediastinum
B. Upper part of the mediastinum
C. Behind the mediastinum
D. In front of the mediastinum

A

A. Lower part of the mediastinum

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13
Q

Where is the spleen situated?

A. Abdominal cavity
B. Pelvic cavity
C. In the neck
D. Git

A

A. Abdominal cavity

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14
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system

A. Immunity
B. Transports lipids from GIT to the blood
C. Drains excess interstitial fluid
D. All of the above

A

B. Transports lipids from GIT to the blood

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15
Q

Why lymphatic nodules are not known as lymphatic organs?

A. Because they are less in number
B. Due to their small size
C Lacks the surrounding capsule
D. Both b and c

A

D. Both b and c

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16
Q

Submandibular lymph glands are present under………

(a) Axilla
(b) Chin
(c) Chest
(d) Groins

A

(b) Chin

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17
Q

One of the following is not a lymphatic organ

(a) Pancreas
(b) Spleen
(c) Thymus
(d) Tonsils

A

(a) Pancreas

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18
Q

The lymphatic fluid returning from the small intestine is rich in

(a) Proteins
(b) Calcium
(c) Fats
(d) Phosphorus

A

(c) Fats

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19
Q

Spleen is called the “graveyard” of the…

(a) Erythrocytes
(b) Leucocytes
(c) Lymphocytes

A

(a) Erythrocytes

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20
Q

Lymphatic fluid is rich in

(a) Iron
(b) Antibodies
(c) Neutrophils
(d) Basophils

A

(b) Antibodies

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21
Q

The lymphatic fluid is

(a) Brownish
(b) Pinkish
(c) Colourless
(d) Bluish

A

(c) Colourless

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22
Q

The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system pours its contents into the

(a) Aorta
(b) Subclavian vein
(c) Internal jugular veins
(d) Right auricle

A

(b) Subclavian vein

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23
Q

The structures of the lymphatic system present in the intestine are called

(a) Mucosa
(b) Villi
(c) Chyle
(d) Lacteals

A

(d) Lacteals

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24
Q

The primary function of the lymph nodes in the production of

A

lymphocytes

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25
Q

lacteals are concerned with the absorption of

A

fats

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26
Q

The largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body?

A

spleen

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27
Q

Inflammation of lymphatic vessels is called as

A

lymphangitis

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28
Q

The largest vessel of the lymphatic system that pours its products into the left subclavian vessel is called

A

thoracic duct

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29
Q

Lymph is a fluid concerned with the______ of the body against external infection.

A

defense

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30
Q

The site of T cell maturation is the

A

thymus

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31
Q

An enlarged spleen is called_____ and the surgical removal of the spleen is called_____

A

Splenomegaly; Splenectomy

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32
Q

The term used for swollen lymph glands as a response to infection is called

A

lyphandenopathy

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33
Q

Along with the nervous system, the ______ system coordinates the various activities of body parts.

A) digestive
B) endocrine
C) circulatory
D) respiratory

A

B) endocrine

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34
Q

______ are chemical messengers that are produced in one body region but affect a different body region.

A) Enzymes
B) Endocrines
C) Neurotransmitters
E) Hormones

A

E) Hormones

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35
Q

The endocrine system is quicker than the nervous system.
A) True
B) False

A

false

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36
Q

Certain cells respond to one hormone and not to another, depending on their receptors.
A) True
B) False

A

true

37
Q

Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream for transport to target organs.

A) True
B) False

A

true

38
Q

The pituitary is located beneath the thalamus in the brain.
A) True
B) False

A

true

39
Q

The hypothalamus regulates ___________.

B) body temperature
C) water balance
D) glandular secretions
E) all of the above

A

E) all of the above

40
Q

The pituitary gland is divided into two portions: the posterior pituitary and the anterior pituitary.

A) True
B) False

A

true

41
Q

The posterior pituitary stores and secretes _________.

A. ADH and oxytocin
B. growth hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone
C. estrogen and testosterone
D. aldosterone and cortisone

A

A. ADH and oxytocin

42
Q

ADH promotes the expulsion of water from the collecting duct, a portion of the nephron.
A) True
B) False

A

true

43
Q

The function(s) of oxytocin is/are to ______________.

A) cause the uterus to contract
B) induce labor
C) stimulate the release of milk from the mother’s mammary glands when her baby is nursing.
D) all of the above

A

D) all of the above

44
Q

Hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting hormones are transported from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary by way of __________.

A) the general bloodstream
B) a portal system of blood vessels directly connecting the two organs
C) direct contact between the two organs
D) a cascade of release-inhibit-release-etc. interactions

A

B) a portal system of blood vessels directly connecting the two organs

45
Q

GH promotes __________.

A) cell division
B) protein synthesis
C) bone growth
D) all of the above

A

all of the above

46
Q

The parathyroid glands are located __________ .

A) below the thyroid, hence the name “para”
B) above the thyroid, hence the name “para”
C) imbedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

A

C) imbedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

47
Q

If ______ is lacking in the diet, the thyroid gland enlarges, producing a goiter.

A) thyroxin
B) iron
C) iodine
D) calcium

A

iodine

48
Q

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, the thyroid hormones, do not have a specific target organ; instead, they stimulate most of the cells of the body to metabolize at a faster rate.

A) True
B) False

A

true

49
Q

In addition to thyroxine and triiodothyronine, the thyroid gland produces ________.

A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) calcitonin
D) FSH

A

calcitonin

50
Q

Calcitonin ____________.

A) regulates the calcium level in blood
B) is balanced by the action of parathyroid hormone
C) increases the deposit of calcium in bone
D) all of the above

A

all of the above

51
Q

If insufficient PTH is produced, the blood calcium level drops, resulting in ______.

A) reduced growth in childhood or parathyroid dwarfism
B) tetany, where the body shakes from continuous muscle contraction due to lack of calcium storage in the muscle.
C) osteoporosis
D) blood clotting

A

B) tetany, where the body shakes from continuous muscle contraction due to lack of calcium storage in the muscle.

52
Q

Calcium plays an important role in __________.

A) neural conduction
B) muscle contraction
C) blood clotting
D) all of the above

A

all of the above

53
Q

The adrenal glands consist of _________.

A) the inner and outer layer of the kidney
B) the inner medulla and the outer cortex
C) lower adrenal and upper paradrenal sections
D) ACTH and BCTH sections

A

B) the inner medulla and the outer cortex

54
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes ______ under conditions of stress.

A) norepinephrine
B) epinephrine
C) both of the above

A

all of the above

55
Q

Cortisol is a ___________.

A) sex hormone
B) glucocorticoid
C) mineralocorticoid

A

B) glucocorticoid

56
Q

ACTH controls the secretion of ___________.

A) cortisol
B) aldosterone
C) epinephrine
D) testosterone

A

cortisol

57
Q

ACTH controls the secretions of the adrenal cortex, which includes cortisol.
Aldosterone regulates the blood sodium and potassium levels.

A) True
B) False

A

true

58
Q

The primary target organ of aldosterone is _________.

A) the liver
B) the pancreas
C) the kidney
D) all of the above

A

kidney

59
Q

The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine tissue.

A) True
B) False

A

true

60
Q

The pancreatic islets produce __________.

A) insulin and glucagon
B) pancreatin
C) ACTH and aldosterone
D) pancreatic digestive enzymes

A

A) insulin and glucagon

61
Q

Insulin functions to __________.

A) promote the storage of nutrients
B) lower the blood glucose level by stimulating liver, fat and muscle cells to metabolize glucose
C) stimulate uptake of glucose by cells
D) all of the above

A

all of the above

62
Q

Glucagon increases the action of insulin.

A) True
B) False

A

true

63
Q

The thymus aids the differentiation of ______ cells.

A) red blood
B) B
C) T
D) cancerous

A

T

64
Q

The _________ produces the hormone melatonin.

A) pituitary gland
B) pineal gland
C) thyroid gland
D) pancreatic gland

A

pineal gland

65
Q

Melatonin is involved with circadian rhythms.

A) True
B) False

A

true

66
Q

All the following hormones are produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland except:

A) HGH
B) TSH
C) prolactin
D) insulin

A

insulin

67
Q

The neurohypophysis is another name for the:

A) posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
B) medulla of the kidney
C) follicle that secretes estrogens
D) placenta

A

A) posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

68
Q

In the female body, the luteinizing hormone:

A) stimulates TSH production
B)regulates mineral metabolism in the body
C) stimulates uterine contractions
D) acts to promote progesterone production

A

D) acts to promote progesterone production

69
Q

The target tissue of ACTH is the:

A) thymus gland
B) medulla of the adrenal gland
C) cortex of the adrenal gland
D) beta cells of the pancreas

A

C) cortex of the adrenal gland

70
Q

The hormone responsible for stimulating contractions of the uterus is known as:

A) insulin
B) UCH
C) glucagon
D) oxytocin

A

oxytoncin

71
Q

The hormones of the adrenal glands complement the action of the:

A) sensory nervous system
B) central nervous system
C) sympathetic nervous system
D) external nervous system

A

C) sympathetic nervous system

72
Q

The concentration of sodium and potassium ions in the blood and body fluid is regulated by hormones known as:

A) glucocorticoids
B) androgens
C) adrenergic hormones
D) mineralocorticoids

A

D) mineralocorticoids

73
Q

Which hormone is administered to a person suffering from marked fall in blood pressure

A. Insulin
B. Adrenalin
C. Thyroxine
D. Vasopressin

A

Adrenalin

Sympathetic response. Adrenalin medullary hormone (epinephrine and nor epinephrine) have sympathetic stimulation). Increases rate of heart beat, CO, stroke volume, strength of heart contraction, breathing rate, metabolic rate and blood pressure.

74
Q
  1. The renal system does not play a direct role in regulating which of the following?

Blood solute concentrations
Blood temperature
Blood pressure
Blood pH

A

blood temperature

75
Q
  1. Which of the following anatomical portion of a nephron connects the Bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle?

Distal convoluted tubule
Connecting tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

76
Q
  1. How many nephrons does the average adult human kidney contain (a nephron is the main functional unit of the kidney)?

Exactly 1
Roughly 100,000
Roughly 1,000,000
Roughly 1,000

A

Roughly 1,000,000

77
Q
  1. Urine is formed in a three-step process: which of the following gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron?

Tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular filtration
Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

78
Q
  1. Which of the following choices correctly traces the route of glomerular filtrate on its path to the collecting duct of a nephron?

Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, ascending loop of Henle, descending loop of Henle, distal tubule

Bowman’s capsule, distal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, proximal tubule

Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule

proximal tubule, Bowman’s capsule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule

79
Q

The role of the kidneys includes:

a. regulation of H+ and HCO3- in the body
b. exerts some control over blood pressure
c. remove unwanted chemicals from the blood
d. all of the above

A

all of the above

80
Q

The layer of the kidney that is a protective barrier against infections is the:

a. renal cortex
b. renal capsule
c. pyramids
d. adipose capsule

A

renal capsule

81
Q

Of the following, where would you expect urine to be collected and move into the urinary bladder.

a. renal columns
b. juxtamedullary zone of the renal cortex
c. renal medulla
d. renal pelvis

A

renal pelvis

82
Q

In order to form filtrate, blood flows from the glomeruli into:

a. Bowman’s capsule
b. the arcuate artery
c. a proximal convoluted tubule
d. the renal pyramids

A

a. Bowman’s capsule

83
Q

Blood enters the kidney through the:

a. abdominal aorta
b. peritubular capillaries
c. renal artery
d. afferent arteriole

A

renal artery

84
Q

Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _______________ where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area available for reabsorption.

A) distal convoluted tubule
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) collecting ducts
D) nephron loop

A

B) proximal convoluted tubule

85
Q

Within the renal tubule, two hormones play a role in determining the final volume and sodium concentration of the urine. The hormone _______________ regulates sodium reabsorption, while ________________ regulates water reabsorption.

A) aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) cortisol; atrial natriuretic peptide
C) renin; angiotensin II
D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH); epinephrine

A

A) aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

86
Q

Peristaltic muscular contractions are important for conveying urine through the excretory system, much like peristalsis in the digestive tract. Peristalsis of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder is controlled by ______________.

A) conscious control of the skeletal muscle
B) sympathetic nervous impulses
C) parasympathetic nervous impulses
D) impulses from the cerebral cortex

A

C) parasympathetic nervous impulses

87
Q

The ureter directly receives urine from the _____ of the kidney.

A) cortex
B) pelvis
C) medulla
D) pyramid

A

B) pelvis

88
Q
A

fall A 2024 (10 decks)

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