anatomy midterm Flashcards
1
Q
terminal boutons
A
affect another neuron or effector organ
2
Q
integration
A
interpretation of sensory input
3
Q
ganglia
A
cell bodies outside the cns
4
Q
where is root ganglion
A
only on dorsal
5
Q
dorsal =
ventral =
A
sensory
motor
6
Q
white matter =
gray matter =
A
axons, myelin (fat)
the cells
7
Q
spinal reflex
A
initiates a response without input from the brain
8
Q
posterior horn
A
sensory processing
9
Q
anterior horn
A
motor signals to skeletal muscles
10
Q
lateral horn
A
only in thoracic and lumbar regions
central component in sympathetic ans
11
Q
reflex action
A
involuntary motor response to sensory stimulus based on reflex arc
12
Q
reflex arc
A
afferent - receptor and neuron
efferent - nerve and effector organ
13
Q
lateral horn
A
T1-L2
14
Q
general somatic senses
A
touch
pain
vibration
pressure
temperature
15
Q
proprioceptive
A
stretch in tendons and muscles
body sense
16
Q
special somatic senses
A
hearing
balance
vision
smell
17
Q
visceral sensory
A
general - stretch, pain, temp, nausea, hunger
widely felt in digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs
18
Q
general somatic motor
A
voluntary control
contraction of skeletal muscles
19
Q
visceral motor
A
regulates smooth and cardiac muscle
ANS
involuntary nervous system
20
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
sympathetic - mobilize body for stress
parasympathetic - recover body form stress
antagonistic, dual innervation
21
Q
somatic division
A
cell bodies reside in CNS
axons extend all the way to skeletal muscles
22
Q
chains of two motor neurons
A
preganglionic neuron - in brain or cord
postganglionic - outside CNS
23
Q
alpha 1
A
vascular smooth muscles, skin, BP increase
constrict
24
Q
alpha 2
A
GI tract BP increase
constrict
25
beta 1
SA node, AV node, ventricular myocardium, adipose tissue and kidney
dilate
26
beta 2
bronchioles, walls of GI tract, urinary bladder
dilate
27
where is parasym
thoracic and lumbar
28
where is sym
cranium and sacrum
leads to every part of body
norepinephrine
29
autonomic neuropathy
damage to nerves that manage everyday body functions
symptoms: loss of bladder control, dizzyness, diarrhea/constipation, difficulty eating/swallowing
can be caused by diabetes
30
horner syndrome
sympathetic postganglionic interruption lead to domination by PSNS
miosis: decreased pupil size
anhidrosis: decreased sweating
ptosis: drooping eyelid
one side of face
31
raynaud's syndrone
sympathetic disorder
body feels numb and cold
excessive constriction
fingers, toes, ears, and tip of nose
changes in color of skin
32
parasympathetic nervous system dysfunction
issues with digesting food
bladder dysfunction
abnormal sweating
33
postprandial hypotension
sudden drop in BP after meal caused by BP changes during digestion
34
orthostatic hypotension
sudden drop in BP when a person stands up
decrease in blood to brain
feels dizzy
35
autonomic dysreflexia
catheter blockage
stretched bladder sends message to spinal cord
when reach T6 sym activated and release norepi
blood vessels in skin and abdomen constrict
rise in BP sends signal to brain
sends parasym message from vagus to heart to slow
signal does not pass T6 and BP continues to rise
36
where does the lower motor neuron start?
anterior horn of spinal cord
37
how many motor neurons does each muscle have?
depends on muscle size
38
what does NMJ release?
Acetylcholine
39
fasciculus
small bundle of muscle fibers
40
myofibril
composed of actin and myosin
41
epimysium
covers whole muscle
helps prevent spread of signal for muscle activation
42
perimysium
covers bundles of fibers (fasciculi)
43
endomysium
covers individual muscle fibers
44
z lines
at end of each sarcomere
45
h zone
middle of each sarcomere
only myosin
disappears when muscle contracts
46
i bands
edges of sarcomere
only actin
47
a band
overlapping actin and myosin
48
m line
middle of h zone
hods myosin in place
49
myosin filament components
heads: made of myosin ATPase
tails: intertwine to form myosin filament
crossbridge: pulls actin over myosin
50
sliding filament theory
electrical impulse generates to NMJ
impulse spreads across sarcolemma into T tubules
receptors release ca2+ into muscle fiber
Ca2+ binds to troponin
tropomyosin uncovers active site on actin
myosin crossbridge heads bind actin, form actomyosin complex
heads pull actin to center of sarcomere (power stroke)
force is produced
51
how does eccentric contraction happen?
external load forces eccentric contraction
52
how do muscles loose tension?
when they are over or understretched they have less tension
53
type I muscle fibers
slow twitch
low peak force
fatigue resistant
constant oxygen supply
aerobic
long term activity
54
type II muscle fibers
fast twitch
rapid and high peak force
low capacity for oxidative metabolism/anaerobic
fatigue easily
55
effects of endurance training
increase in capillary density
increase size and number of mitochondria
increase in ability to produce ATP
56
hypertrophy
increase size of muscle fibers
requires addition of myonuclei to support increase
57
when you have multiple different measurements, which do you take?
the lowest
58
in what order does blood leave and return to heart?
left vent
arteries
veins
right atrium
59
pericardium
outermost layer
60
myocardium
facilitates pumping action
contractile elements
61
myocardial cells
automaticity
rhythmicity
conductivity
62
endocardium
innermost layer
63
mediastinum
between right and left pleura of lungs
64
how do the lungs get nutrients
blood flow from bronchiole arteries
not from right vent - only for oxygenation
65
which ventricle is larger and why
left is bigger and stronger
pumps to body
oxygenated blood is heavier
66
intercalated disks
fibers are connected so they all contract together
only located in ventricles
heart attack is the death of cells
67
what vein does the anterior descending (inter-ventricular) artery run with
great cardiac vein
68
where does the coronary sinus empty into
right atrium
69
right coronary artery branches and where they supply
sinus node artery - right atrium
right marginal artery - right ventricle
posterior descending artery - inferior walls of both ventricles and inferior interventricular septum
70
left coronary artery branches and where they supply
circumflex artery - left atrium and left ventricle
left anterior descending artery - anterior portion of interventricular septum
71
where are blood vessels in the heart located and why? what layer?
located in the epicardium - most superficial layer
so that they are not constricted when the heart contracts
72
flow of blood through the heart
enters R atrium from sup and inf vena cava
passes though AV valve into R ventricle
through valve into pulmonary trunk
through pulm arteries to lungs
oxygenated and returned to LA via pulm veins
through AV valve into LV
through valve into aorta and through body
73
where is blood supply the highest
in aorta
also very high in arteries supplying the heart
74
anastomosis
intercommunication between 2 arteries ensuring blood flow to area even if one artery is blocked
75
what part of the heart makes the sound
in a healthy heart, the valves make the sounds
76
sound 1
lub
mitral and tricuspid valves closing at onset of systole
77
what is systole?
contraction of ventricles
78
sound 2
dub
aortic and pulmonic valves closing at onset of diastole
79
what is diastole
filling of ventricles
80
sound 3
ventricular gallop
volume related
associated with cordae tendineae, heart failure
does not eject enough blood
the sound of more blood entering the ventricle
81
sound 4
atrial gallop
pressure related
vibration of vent wall due to hypertension and MI
82
why would S4 exist
the walls are thicker and need more pressure to expand and make space because they are stiffer than normal
83
where to listen
APT M 2245
aortic valve - 2nd-3rd right interspace
pulmonic valve - 2nd-3rd left interspace
tricuspid valve - left sternal border
mitral valve - apex
84
order of abnormal sounds
S3 before S4
S4 before S1
85
cardiac cycle in relation to ventricles
systole - contraction, blood pumped out
diastole - relaxation, blood fills chamber
86
autorhythmaticity
ability to initiate impulse for contraction at regular intervals - continuously works
87
sinoatrial node (SA)
intrinsic
pacemaker of contraction
located in superior right atrium
88
atrioventricular node (AV)
intrinsic
delays impulse by 1/10 of a second, allowing atria to contract before ventricles
located in inferior medial right atrium
89
purkinje fibers
intrinsic
rapidly spreads impulse to contract throughout ventricles
only located in ventricles
90
parasympathetic nerve fibers
(function in heart)
extrinsic
decrease heart rate via vagus nerve
91
sympathetic nerve fibers
(function in heart)
increase heart rate
92
bradycardia
slow heart rate
often training induced
93
tachycardia
increased heart rate
94
cardiac muscle
capable of contraction and force generation
capable of initiating impulse
has intercalated discs that spread impulse to contract
95
syncytial contraction
fibers contract simultaneously
fibers hace high mitochondrial density
fibers have extensive capillary network
fibers use aerobic energy for contraction
96
cardiac wall thickness
the thicker to wall, greater the force
~ left ventricle has greater thickness, supplies whole
body
regular physical training and chronic hypertension results in thickening of left vent wall and increase in left vent mass
97
duration of each segment of ECG
p wave - .8 sec
PR segment - .8
QRS interval - .8
ST segment - .12
T wave - .16
98
atrial depolarization
p wave
99
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
QRS interval
100
ventricular repolarization
st segment and t wave
101
cardiac cycle duration equation
60 seconds/ HR
102
when to chambers contract?
repol or depol
when depolarization is complete
103
cardiac cycle according to atria
atrial diastole - second half of QRS through first half of p wave
atrial systole - second half of p wave through first half of QRS
104
cardiac cycle according to the ventricles
ventricular diastole - after t wave through first half of QRS
ventricular systole - second half of QRS through t wave
105
which part of myocardium repolarizes later
inner myocardium repolarizes later than outer myocardium
106
cardiac output
amount of blood pumped per minute
Q = HR x SV
5 L/min for men and 4.5 L/min for women
resting Q will be the same in trained and untrained
assume resting unless specified
Q increases as you start doing exercise
107
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped per contraction of ventricle
trained have higher SV
SV = EDV - ESV
108
end diastolic volume
blood in ventricles at end of diastole
109
end systolic volume
blood in ventricles at end of systole
110
ejection fraction
ratio of available blood pumped to pumped blood
EF = SV/EDV
.4 has pathology
.7 is normal
.8 is trained
