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fall A 2024 > anatomy midterm > Flashcards

anatomy midterm Flashcards

1
Q

terminal boutons

A

affect another neuron or effector organ

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2
Q

integration

A

interpretation of sensory input

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3
Q

ganglia

A

cell bodies outside the cns

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4
Q

where is root ganglion

A

only on dorsal

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5
Q

dorsal =
ventral =

A

sensory
motor

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6
Q

white matter =
gray matter =

A

axons, myelin (fat)
the cells

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7
Q

spinal reflex

A

initiates a response without input from the brain

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8
Q

posterior horn

A

sensory processing

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9
Q

anterior horn

A

motor signals to skeletal muscles

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10
Q

lateral horn

A

only in thoracic and lumbar regions
central component in sympathetic ans

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11
Q

reflex action

A

involuntary motor response to sensory stimulus based on reflex arc

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12
Q

reflex arc

A

afferent - receptor and neuron
efferent - nerve and effector organ

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13
Q

lateral horn

A

T1-L2

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14
Q

general somatic senses

A

touch
pain
vibration
pressure
temperature

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15
Q

proprioceptive

A

stretch in tendons and muscles
body sense

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16
Q

special somatic senses

A

hearing
balance
vision
smell

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17
Q

visceral sensory

A

general - stretch, pain, temp, nausea, hunger
widely felt in digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

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18
Q

general somatic motor

A

voluntary control
contraction of skeletal muscles

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19
Q

visceral motor

A

regulates smooth and cardiac muscle
ANS
involuntary nervous system

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20
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic - mobilize body for stress
parasympathetic - recover body form stress

antagonistic, dual innervation

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21
Q

somatic division

A

cell bodies reside in CNS
axons extend all the way to skeletal muscles

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22
Q

chains of two motor neurons

A

preganglionic neuron - in brain or cord
postganglionic - outside CNS

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23
Q

alpha 1

A

vascular smooth muscles, skin, BP increase
constrict

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24
Q

alpha 2

A

GI tract BP increase
constrict

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25
Q

beta 1

A

SA node, AV node, ventricular myocardium, adipose tissue and kidney
dilate

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26
Q

beta 2

A

bronchioles, walls of GI tract, urinary bladder
dilate

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27
Q

where is parasym

A

thoracic and lumbar

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28
Q

where is sym

A

cranium and sacrum
leads to every part of body
norepinephrine

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29
Q

autonomic neuropathy

A

damage to nerves that manage everyday body functions
symptoms: loss of bladder control, dizzyness, diarrhea/constipation, difficulty eating/swallowing
can be caused by diabetes

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30
Q

horner syndrome

A

sympathetic postganglionic interruption lead to domination by PSNS
miosis: decreased pupil size
anhidrosis: decreased sweating
ptosis: drooping eyelid
one side of face

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31
Q

raynaud’s syndrone

A

sympathetic disorder
body feels numb and cold
excessive constriction
fingers, toes, ears, and tip of nose
changes in color of skin

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32
Q

parasympathetic nervous system dysfunction

A

issues with digesting food
bladder dysfunction
abnormal sweating

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33
Q

postprandial hypotension

A

sudden drop in BP after meal caused by BP changes during digestion

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34
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

sudden drop in BP when a person stands up
decrease in blood to brain
feels dizzy

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35
Q

autonomic dysreflexia

A

catheter blockage
stretched bladder sends message to spinal cord
when reach T6 sym activated and release norepi
blood vessels in skin and abdomen constrict
rise in BP sends signal to brain
sends parasym message from vagus to heart to slow
signal does not pass T6 and BP continues to rise

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36
Q

where does the lower motor neuron start?

A

anterior horn of spinal cord

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37
Q

how many motor neurons does each muscle have?

A

depends on muscle size

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38
Q

what does NMJ release?

A

Acetylcholine

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39
Q

fasciculus

A

small bundle of muscle fibers

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40
Q

myofibril

A

composed of actin and myosin

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41
Q

epimysium

A

covers whole muscle
helps prevent spread of signal for muscle activation

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42
Q

perimysium

A

covers bundles of fibers (fasciculi)

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43
Q

endomysium

A

covers individual muscle fibers

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44
Q

z lines

A

at end of each sarcomere

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45
Q

h zone

A

middle of each sarcomere
only myosin
disappears when muscle contracts

46
Q

i bands

A

edges of sarcomere
only actin

47
Q

a band

A

overlapping actin and myosin

48
Q

m line

A

middle of h zone
hods myosin in place

49
Q

myosin filament components

A

heads: made of myosin ATPase
tails: intertwine to form myosin filament
crossbridge: pulls actin over myosin

50
Q

sliding filament theory

A

electrical impulse generates to NMJ
impulse spreads across sarcolemma into T tubules
receptors release ca2+ into muscle fiber
Ca2+ binds to troponin
tropomyosin uncovers active site on actin
myosin crossbridge heads bind actin, form actomyosin complex
heads pull actin to center of sarcomere (power stroke)
force is produced

51
Q

how does eccentric contraction happen?

A

external load forces eccentric contraction

52
Q

how do muscles loose tension?

A

when they are over or understretched they have less tension

53
Q

type I muscle fibers

A

slow twitch
low peak force
fatigue resistant
constant oxygen supply
aerobic
long term activity

54
Q

type II muscle fibers

A

fast twitch
rapid and high peak force
low capacity for oxidative metabolism/anaerobic
fatigue easily

55
Q

effects of endurance training

A

increase in capillary density
increase size and number of mitochondria
increase in ability to produce ATP

56
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase size of muscle fibers
requires addition of myonuclei to support increase

57
Q

when you have multiple different measurements, which do you take?

A

the lowest

58
Q

in what order does blood leave and return to heart?

A

left vent
arteries
veins
right atrium

59
Q

pericardium

A

outermost layer

60
Q

myocardium

A

facilitates pumping action
contractile elements

61
Q

myocardial cells

A

automaticity
rhythmicity
conductivity

62
Q

endocardium

A

innermost layer

63
Q

mediastinum

A

between right and left pleura of lungs

64
Q

how do the lungs get nutrients

A

blood flow from bronchiole arteries
not from right vent - only for oxygenation

65
Q

which ventricle is larger and why

A

left is bigger and stronger
pumps to body
oxygenated blood is heavier

66
Q

intercalated disks

A

fibers are connected so they all contract together
only located in ventricles
heart attack is the death of cells

67
Q

what vein does the anterior descending (inter-ventricular) artery run with

A

great cardiac vein

68
Q

where does the coronary sinus empty into

A

right atrium

69
Q

right coronary artery branches and where they supply

A

sinus node artery - right atrium
right marginal artery - right ventricle
posterior descending artery - inferior walls of both ventricles and inferior interventricular septum

70
Q

left coronary artery branches and where they supply

A

circumflex artery - left atrium and left ventricle
left anterior descending artery - anterior portion of interventricular septum

71
Q

where are blood vessels in the heart located and why? what layer?

A

located in the epicardium - most superficial layer
so that they are not constricted when the heart contracts

72
Q

flow of blood through the heart

A

enters R atrium from sup and inf vena cava
passes though AV valve into R ventricle
through valve into pulmonary trunk
through pulm arteries to lungs
oxygenated and returned to LA via pulm veins
through AV valve into LV
through valve into aorta and through body

73
Q

where is blood supply the highest

A

in aorta
also very high in arteries supplying the heart

74
Q

anastomosis

A

intercommunication between 2 arteries ensuring blood flow to area even if one artery is blocked

75
Q

what part of the heart makes the sound

A

in a healthy heart, the valves make the sounds

76
Q

sound 1

A

lub
mitral and tricuspid valves closing at onset of systole

77
Q

what is systole?

A

contraction of ventricles

78
Q

sound 2

A

dub
aortic and pulmonic valves closing at onset of diastole

79
Q

what is diastole

A

filling of ventricles

80
Q

sound 3

A

ventricular gallop
volume related
associated with cordae tendineae, heart failure
does not eject enough blood
the sound of more blood entering the ventricle

81
Q

sound 4

A

atrial gallop
pressure related
vibration of vent wall due to hypertension and MI

82
Q

why would S4 exist

A

the walls are thicker and need more pressure to expand and make space because they are stiffer than normal

83
Q

where to listen

A

APT M 2245
aortic valve - 2nd-3rd right interspace
pulmonic valve - 2nd-3rd left interspace
tricuspid valve - left sternal border
mitral valve - apex

84
Q

order of abnormal sounds

A

S3 before S4
S4 before S1

85
Q

cardiac cycle in relation to ventricles

A

systole - contraction, blood pumped out
diastole - relaxation, blood fills chamber

86
Q

autorhythmaticity

A

ability to initiate impulse for contraction at regular intervals - continuously works

87
Q

sinoatrial node (SA)

A

intrinsic
pacemaker of contraction
located in superior right atrium

88
Q

atrioventricular node (AV)

A

intrinsic
delays impulse by 1/10 of a second, allowing atria to contract before ventricles
located in inferior medial right atrium

89
Q

purkinje fibers

A

intrinsic
rapidly spreads impulse to contract throughout ventricles
only located in ventricles

90
Q

parasympathetic nerve fibers

(function in heart)

A

extrinsic
decrease heart rate via vagus nerve

91
Q

sympathetic nerve fibers

(function in heart)

A

increase heart rate

92
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate
often training induced

93
Q

tachycardia

A

increased heart rate

94
Q

cardiac muscle

A

capable of contraction and force generation
capable of initiating impulse
has intercalated discs that spread impulse to contract

95
Q

syncytial contraction

A

fibers contract simultaneously
fibers hace high mitochondrial density
fibers have extensive capillary network
fibers use aerobic energy for contraction

96
Q

cardiac wall thickness

A

the thicker to wall, greater the force
~ left ventricle has greater thickness, supplies whole
body
regular physical training and chronic hypertension results in thickening of left vent wall and increase in left vent mass

97
Q

duration of each segment of ECG

A

p wave - .8 sec
PR segment - .8
QRS interval - .8
ST segment - .12
T wave - .16

98
Q

atrial depolarization

A

p wave

99
Q

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization

A

QRS interval

100
Q

ventricular repolarization

A

st segment and t wave

101
Q

cardiac cycle duration equation

A

60 seconds/ HR

102
Q

when to chambers contract?

repol or depol

A

when depolarization is complete

103
Q

cardiac cycle according to atria

A

atrial diastole - second half of QRS through first half of p wave
atrial systole - second half of p wave through first half of QRS

104
Q

cardiac cycle according to the ventricles

A

ventricular diastole - after t wave through first half of QRS
ventricular systole - second half of QRS through t wave

105
Q

which part of myocardium repolarizes later

A

inner myocardium repolarizes later than outer myocardium

106
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped per minute

Q = HR x SV

5 L/min for men and 4.5 L/min for women

resting Q will be the same in trained and untrained

assume resting unless specified

Q increases as you start doing exercise

107
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped per contraction of ventricle

trained have higher SV

SV = EDV - ESV

108
Q

end diastolic volume

A

blood in ventricles at end of diastole

109
Q

end systolic volume

A

blood in ventricles at end of systole

110
Q

ejection fraction

A

ratio of available blood pumped to pumped blood

EF = SV/EDV

.4 has pathology
.7 is normal
.8 is trained

fall A 2024 (10 decks)

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