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Vet 212: Large Animal Disease > Sheep Diseases > Flashcards

Sheep Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause anemia in sheep?

A

External or internal parasites
H.O.T. parasites
H: Haemonchus
O: Ostertagia
T: Trichostronglyus trio

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2
Q

What is the Famacha guide?

A

A method of rating anemia on a scale of 1 to 5 using a laminated color chard compared to the ocular mucous membranes

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3
Q

What is drenching?

A

A method of applying anthelmintic to sheep (PO using a drench gun)

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4
Q

What is Coccidiosis in sheep and what are the clinical signs?

A

GI Parasite

Clinical signs:
Bloody diarrhea
Weight loss
Anemia
Poor growth
Sudden death

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5
Q

What parasite is responsible for Coccidiosis?

A

Eimeria (ahsata, ovis, ovinoidalis)

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6
Q

What are contributing factors to outbreaks?

A

Crowding
Stress
Ration change
Weaning
Feedlots
Contaminated environment

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7
Q

True or False: Cryptosporidium cannot be transmitted to humans.

A

False: It’s zoonotic.

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8
Q

What are clinic signs of cryptosporidium?

A

Profuse mucoid diarrhea
Weight loss

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9
Q

How long does cryptosporidium last?

A

Self-limiting disease
Takes about 7-14 days
Quarantine any affected animals

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10
Q

How is cryptosporidium diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Oocytes in feces

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11
Q

What can cause sheep scours?

A

Internal parasites (Eimeria and Crypto)
Bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium)
Viral (Rotavirus, coronavirus)

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12
Q

How is sheep scours diagnosed?

A

Fecal culture
Toxin test
Virus isolation (through fecal swab)

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13
Q

What causes sheep scours?

A

Nutritional cause is most common

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14
Q

Where can adult GI parasites originate in sheep?

A

Other adult sheep
Oral-fecal route

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15
Q

How are GI parasites diagnosed?

A

Fecal flotation
Clinical signs
Necropsy

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16
Q

How are GI parasites treated?

A

Deworming symptomatic individuals
Cull shedding individuals
Pasture management
Avoid anthelmintic resistance
Isolate
IV/Oral fluids
Electrolytes
Balanced nutrition

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17
Q

Bacillary hemoglobinuria is from (a) and can cause (b) with the liver.

A

A) Clostridium
B) Necrosis

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18
Q

Blackleg can cause what?

A

Gas gangrene in muscles

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19
Q

What diseases can come from Clostridium?

A

Bacillary hemoglobinuria
Blackleg
Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis
Malignant Edema
Enterotoxemia (C. perfringens)
Tetanus

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20
Q

What are the results of C. perfringens?

A

Enteritis and toxemia

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21
Q

What are the effects of Tetanus?

A

Paralysis
Death

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22
Q

How is clostridium treated?

A

Supportive care
Antibiotics (Penicillin)

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23
Q

What prevention can be done for Clostridium?

A

Vaccinations
Ewes should be vaccinated 2-4 weeks prior to lambing
Lambs should be vaccinated at 2 months, boostered in 2 weeks

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24
Q

When does parturient paresis occur in sheep?

A

6 weeks prior to lambing, up to 10 weeks after birth

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25
Q

What are the clinical signs of Parturient Paresis?

A

Hyperexcitability
Ataxia
Paresis
Coma/death

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26
Q

When does parturient paresis occur frequently?

A

Multiple lamb births

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27
Q

How is parturient paresis treated?

A

IV or Oral calcium supplement

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28
Q

What dietary changes can be done to prevent parturient paresis?

A

Reduce diet/supplements rich in calcium (such as Alfalfa) when not in late gestation/lactating.

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29
Q

What is pregnancy toxemia also known as in sheep?

A

Also called Twin Lamb Disease or Ketosis

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30
Q

Which sheep are affected by pregnancy toxemia?

A

Older ewes in late gestation
Extreme BCS

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31
Q

What are clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia?

A

Partial anorexia
Lethargy
Aimless wandering
Muscle tremors
Opisthotonos
Bruxism
Blindness
Ataxia

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32
Q

What are causes of pregnancy toxemia?

A

Nutritional deficiencies
Inadequate nutrition during late gestation
Increased energy needs of the lambs
Using ketones as alternate source of energy (Hypoglycemia, ketones causing decreased appetite and neuro signs, lack of insulin sensitivity)

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33
Q

How is pregnancy toxemia diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Bloodwork showing hypoglycemia, ketosis

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34
Q

What treatments are there for pregnancy toxemia and are they effective?

A

C-sections if lamb is alive and within 3 days of the due date
Low survival chance
Correcty hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hypocalcemia

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35
Q

What is Foot Rot? Who does it affect?

A

A contagious bacterial disease that affects interdigital skin, hoof wall and deep structures of the foot.
It can affect the whole herd of sheep.

36
Q

What causes Foot Rot?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
Dichelobacter nodosus
Bacteria spreads via >40 F warm, moist environments

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of Foot Rot?

A

Lameness
Body condition loss
Reduced wool production
Decreased productivity
Odor
Myiasis (infection of fly larva in tissues)
Separation of hoof wall

38
Q

How is Foot Rot diagnosed?

A

Early diagnosis: Look into the interdigital space
Later diagnosis: Hoof wall separation, foot abscess
Smear staining for D. nodosus

39
Q

How is Foot Rot treated?

A

Hoof trimming
Application of bactericidal solutions
Antibiotic injection
Dry environment
Vaccine
Eradication

40
Q

What antibacterials can be used for Foot Rot?

A

Zinc sulfate
Copper sulfate
Chlorine bleach

41
Q

What does eradication consist of in dealing with Foot Rot?

A

Culling affected sheep
One month quarantine, foot inspections

42
Q

What is Nutritional Myopathy?

A

Also known as White Muscle Disease, Stiff-Lamb Disease, Enzootic Muscular Dystrophy

Selenium (Trace mineral)/Vitamin E deficiencies: may develop bilateral lesions in heart muscle or skeletal muscle

43
Q

Describe clinical signs of nutritional myopathy.

A

Congenital: Sudden death within 2-3 days of birth
Latent: Stiff gait, arched back, recumbency, cardiac failure

44
Q

How is nutritional myopathy diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
History
Necropsy findings

45
Q

Nutritional myopathy can be treated with?

A

Selenium/Vitamin E injections

46
Q

How can nutritional myopathy be prevented?

A

Supplementing selenium to pregnant ewes and lambs.

47
Q

What is scrapie?

A

Spongiform encephalopathy

48
Q

Scrapie affects who?

A

Adult sheep over 3.5 years
(Potential source of BSE)

49
Q

What causes Scrapie?

A

Scrapie is caused by a prion (contagious protein).

50
Q

Describe clinical signs of Scrapie.

A

Insidious onset
Behavior changes (excitability, aggression)
Tremors
Absent menace
Pruritus
Lack of coordination

51
Q

How is Scrapie diagnosed?

A

CNS Histopath (at necropsy)
Tonsil biopsies for subclinical cases

52
Q

Can Scrapie be treated? Explain.

A

No treatment
Eradication program in place: slaughter affected and exposed flocks
Can be transmitted to goats
Zoonotic and reportable

53
Q

What is Rabies and where is it carried?

A

Rabies is a viral encephalitis, carried primarily by raccoons.

54
Q

How is Rabies transmitted?

A

Direct contact with racoons
Saliva from infected individuals

55
Q

What is the incubation period for Rabies?

A

Variable, prolonged.

56
Q

What are the clinical signs of Rabies?

A

Somnolent: dumb, sleepy form
Furious: less likely compared to carnivores
Progressive paralysis
Abnormal vocalizations

57
Q

True or False: Rabies testing can be done with a sample of fur or biopsy.

A

False: Rabies testing is completed by sending suspected infected head to lab.

58
Q

What is Tetanus?

A

Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani in necrotic tissue, which is anaerobic and spore-forming bacteria. It is soil-borne.

59
Q

How is tetanus spread?

A

Through wounds, tail docking, castration, lambing

60
Q

What animals are sensitive to tetanus?

A

Horse
Sheep
Goats

61
Q

Where do tetanus spores grow?

A

In abnormal, damaged tissue lacking oxygen (punctures, wounds, cuts). Bacteria then produces neurotoxin which causes muscle spasm.

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of Tetanus?

A

Incubated from 1-7 weeks
Localized stiffness, pain, bloat due to muscles not contracting appropriately
Prolapsed 3rd eyelid
Sudden movement and noise causes more violent spasms
Lockjaw
Sheep fall and exhibit opisthotonos when startled

63
Q

What is the treatment for Tetanus?

A

No effective treatment
Completely preventable with vaccinations!

64
Q

What is the difference between a toxoid and antitoxin?

A

A toxoid is a vaccine containing a toned-down version of the toxin itself
An antitoxin is an antibody treatment that can neutralize specific toxins.

65
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Difficulty birthing

66
Q

Why is there increase in dystocia with sheep?

A

Likelihood of birthing twins

67
Q

How many lamb deaths are related to dystocia?

A

50%

68
Q

What are causes of dystocia in a flock?

A

Abortion
Disproportionate size of ewe and lamb
Malpresentation of fetus, especially if twins
Failure of cervical dilation
Vaginal prolapse
Deformed lamb
Breech positioning

69
Q

What causes contagious abortion?

A

Many zoonotic diseases:
Brucella
Listeria
Toxoplasmosis
Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (Chlamydia)
Campylobacter

70
Q

How is contagious abortion diagnosed?

A

Examine lambs, placenta, ewes

71
Q

What safety measures should be taken when handling contagious abortion?

A

Wear gloves and eye protection
Do not resuscitate sickly lambs by mouth

72
Q

What can cause uterine/vaginal/cervical prolapse?

A

Genetics
Hypocalcemia
Obesity
Estrogens

73
Q

What is the permanent treatment for prolapse?

A

Permanent fixation
Cervicopexy or Vaginopexy

74
Q

What are the types of mange? Which are zoonotic or reportable?

A

Sarcoptic (zoonotic and reportable)
Chorioptic (eradicated in US)
Psoroptic (reportable)
Demodectic (chronic condition)
Psorergatic (eradicated in the US)

75
Q

What are the treatments for mange?

A

Injectable Ivermectin
Lime sulfur dips

76
Q

What is sheep pox and who does it affect?

A

Acute viral disease that is fatal
Affects humans, birds, cloven-hooved animals, horses

77
Q

What carries the pox virus on the animal?

A

Viruses are in fluid filled blisters on the skin surface.

78
Q

How is sheep pox transmitted?

A

Inhalation
Direct contact with the lesion
Biting insects

79
Q

True or False: There is a vaccine for Sheep Pox and it is effective.

A

True

80
Q

Does Sheep Pox exist in the US?

A

No, but it is still important to know because of the high morbidity and zoonotic potential.

81
Q

Who are primarily affected by sheep pox?

A

Lambs

82
Q

What are the clinical signs of Sheep Pox?

A

Febrile
Paralysis
Skin lesions on non-wooled areas and mucous membranes

83
Q

What is Orf?

A

Sore mouth
Viral dermatitis caused by parapoxvirus

84
Q

True or False: Orf is limited to one host from a herd of sheep.

A

False: Orf is contagious, zoonotic AND very resistant!

85
Q

How long can orf survive?

A

Up to 12 years in scabs

86
Q

What seasons does Orf typically appear?

A

Summer/fall

87
Q

Describe clinical signs of Orf.

A

Scabs found on the lips, extending to mouth
Can be found interdigitally or on udder
Signs can last 1-4 weeks.
Scabs can fall off but contain the virus.

Vet 212: Large Animal Disease (6 decks)

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