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Vet 212: Large Animal Disease > Sheep Diseases > Flashcards

Sheep Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause anemia in sheep?

A

External or internal parasites
H.O.T. parasites
H: Haemonchus
O: Ostertagia
T: Trichostronglyus trio

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2
Q

What is the Famacha guide?

A

A method of rating anemia on a scale of 1 to 5 using a laminated color chard compared to the ocular mucous membranes

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3
Q

What is drenching?

A

A method of applying anthelmintic to sheep (PO using a drench gun)

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4
Q

What is Coccidiosis in sheep and what are the clinical signs?

A

GI Parasite

Clinical signs:
Bloody diarrhea
Weight loss
Anemia
Poor growth
Sudden death

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5
Q

What parasite is responsible for Coccidiosis?

A

Eimeria (ahsata, ovis, ovinoidalis)

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6
Q

What are contributing factors to outbreaks?

A

Crowding
Stress
Ration change
Weaning
Feedlots
Contaminated environment

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7
Q

True or False: Cryptosporidium cannot be transmitted to humans.

A

False: It’s zoonotic.

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8
Q

What are clinic signs of cryptosporidium?

A

Profuse mucoid diarrhea
Weight loss

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9
Q

How long does cryptosporidium last?

A

Self-limiting disease
Takes about 7-14 days
Quarantine any affected animals

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10
Q

How is cryptosporidium diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Oocytes in feces

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11
Q

What can cause sheep scours?

A

Internal parasites (Eimeria and Crypto)
Bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Clostridium)
Viral (Rotavirus, coronavirus)

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12
Q

How is sheep scours diagnosed?

A

Fecal culture
Toxin test
Virus isolation (through fecal swab)

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13
Q

What causes sheep scours?

A

Nutritional cause is most common

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14
Q

Where can adult GI parasites originate in sheep?

A

Other adult sheep
Oral-fecal route

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15
Q

How are GI parasites diagnosed?

A

Fecal flotation
Clinical signs
Necropsy

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16
Q

How are GI parasites treated?

A

Deworming symptomatic individuals
Cull shedding individuals
Pasture management
Avoid anthelmintic resistance
Isolate
IV/Oral fluids
Electrolytes
Balanced nutrition

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17
Q

Bacillary hemoglobinuria is from (a) and can cause (b) with the liver.

A

A) Clostridium
B) Necrosis

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18
Q

Blackleg can cause what?

A

Gas gangrene in muscles

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19
Q

What diseases can come from Clostridium?

A

Bacillary hemoglobinuria
Blackleg
Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis
Malignant Edema
Enterotoxemia (C. perfringens)
Tetanus

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20
Q

What are the results of C. perfringens?

A

Enteritis and toxemia

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21
Q

What are the effects of Tetanus?

A

Paralysis
Death

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22
Q

How is clostridium treated?

A

Supportive care
Antibiotics (Penicillin)

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23
Q

What prevention can be done for Clostridium?

A

Vaccinations
Ewes should be vaccinated 2-4 weeks prior to lambing
Lambs should be vaccinated at 2 months, boostered in 2 weeks

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24
Q

When does parturient paresis occur in sheep?

A

6 weeks prior to lambing, up to 10 weeks after birth

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25
What are the clinical signs of Parturient Paresis?
Hyperexcitability Ataxia Paresis Coma/death
26
When does parturient paresis occur frequently?
Multiple lamb births
27
How is parturient paresis treated?
IV or Oral calcium supplement
28
What dietary changes can be done to prevent parturient paresis?
Reduce diet/supplements rich in calcium (such as Alfalfa) when not in late gestation/lactating.
29
What is pregnancy toxemia also known as in sheep?
Also called Twin Lamb Disease or Ketosis
30
Which sheep are affected by pregnancy toxemia?
Older ewes in late gestation Extreme BCS
31
What are clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia?
Partial anorexia Lethargy Aimless wandering Muscle tremors Opisthotonos Bruxism Blindness Ataxia
32
What are causes of pregnancy toxemia?
Nutritional deficiencies Inadequate nutrition during late gestation Increased energy needs of the lambs Using ketones as alternate source of energy (Hypoglycemia, ketones causing decreased appetite and neuro signs, lack of insulin sensitivity)
33
How is pregnancy toxemia diagnosed?
Clinical signs Bloodwork showing hypoglycemia, ketosis
34
What treatments are there for pregnancy toxemia and are they effective?
C-sections if lamb is alive and within 3 days of the due date **Low survival chance** Correcty hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, hypocalcemia
35
What is Foot Rot? Who does it affect?
A contagious bacterial disease that affects interdigital skin, hoof wall and deep structures of the foot. It can affect the whole herd of sheep.
36
What causes Foot Rot?
Fusobacterium necrophorum Dichelobacter nodosus Bacteria spreads via >40 F warm, moist environments
37
What are the clinical signs of Foot Rot?
Lameness Body condition loss Reduced wool production Decreased productivity **Odor** Myiasis (infection of fly larva in tissues) Separation of hoof wall
38
How is Foot Rot diagnosed?
Early diagnosis: Look into the interdigital space Later diagnosis: Hoof wall separation, foot abscess Smear staining for D. nodosus
39
How is Foot Rot treated?
Hoof trimming Application of bactericidal solutions Antibiotic injection Dry environment Vaccine Eradication
40
What antibacterials can be used for Foot Rot?
Zinc sulfate Copper sulfate Chlorine bleach
41
What does eradication consist of in dealing with Foot Rot?
Culling affected sheep One month quarantine, foot inspections
42
What is Nutritional Myopathy?
Also known as White Muscle Disease, Stiff-Lamb Disease, Enzootic Muscular Dystrophy Selenium (Trace mineral)/Vitamin E deficiencies: may develop bilateral lesions in heart muscle or skeletal muscle
43
Describe clinical signs of nutritional myopathy.
Congenital: Sudden death within 2-3 days of birth Latent: Stiff gait, arched back, recumbency, cardiac failure
44
How is nutritional myopathy diagnosed?
Clinical signs History Necropsy findings
45
Nutritional myopathy can be treated with?
Selenium/Vitamin E injections
46
How can nutritional myopathy be prevented?
Supplementing selenium to pregnant ewes and lambs.
47
What is scrapie?
Spongiform encephalopathy
48
Scrapie affects who?
Adult sheep over 3.5 years (Potential source of BSE)
49
What causes Scrapie?
Scrapie is caused by a prion (contagious protein).
50
Describe clinical signs of Scrapie.
Insidious onset Behavior changes (excitability, aggression) Tremors Absent menace Pruritus Lack of coordination
51
How is Scrapie diagnosed?
CNS Histopath (at necropsy) Tonsil biopsies for subclinical cases
52
Can Scrapie be treated? Explain.
No treatment Eradication program in place: slaughter affected and exposed flocks Can be transmitted to goats **Zoonotic and reportable**
53
What is Rabies and where is it carried?
Rabies is a viral encephalitis, carried primarily by raccoons.
54
How is Rabies transmitted?
Direct contact with racoons Saliva from infected individuals
55
What is the incubation period for Rabies?
Variable, prolonged.
56
What are the clinical signs of Rabies?
Somnolent: dumb, sleepy form Furious: less likely compared to carnivores Progressive paralysis Abnormal vocalizations
57
True or False: Rabies testing can be done with a sample of fur or biopsy.
False: Rabies testing is completed by sending suspected infected head to lab.
58
What is Tetanus?
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani in necrotic tissue, which is anaerobic and spore-forming bacteria. It is soil-borne.
59
How is tetanus spread?
Through wounds, tail docking, castration, lambing
60
What animals are sensitive to tetanus?
Horse Sheep Goats
61
Where do tetanus spores grow?
In abnormal, damaged tissue lacking oxygen (punctures, wounds, cuts). Bacteria then produces neurotoxin which causes muscle spasm.
62
What are the clinical signs of Tetanus?
Incubated from 1-7 weeks Localized stiffness, pain, bloat due to muscles not contracting appropriately Prolapsed 3rd eyelid Sudden movement and noise causes more violent spasms Lockjaw Sheep fall and exhibit opisthotonos when startled
63
What is the treatment for Tetanus?
No effective treatment Completely preventable with vaccinations!
64
What is the difference between a toxoid and antitoxin?
A toxoid is a vaccine containing a toned-down version of the toxin itself An antitoxin is an antibody treatment that can neutralize specific toxins.
65
What is dystocia?
Difficulty birthing
66
Why is there increase in dystocia with sheep?
Likelihood of birthing twins
67
How many lamb deaths are related to dystocia?
50%
68
What are causes of dystocia in a flock?
Abortion Disproportionate size of ewe and lamb Malpresentation of fetus, especially if twins Failure of cervical dilation Vaginal prolapse Deformed lamb Breech positioning
69
What causes contagious abortion?
Many zoonotic diseases: Brucella Listeria Toxoplasmosis Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (Chlamydia) Campylobacter
70
How is contagious abortion diagnosed?
Examine lambs, placenta, ewes
71
What safety measures should be taken when handling contagious abortion?
Wear gloves and eye protection Do not resuscitate sickly lambs by mouth
72
What can cause uterine/vaginal/cervical prolapse?
Genetics Hypocalcemia Obesity Estrogens
73
What is the permanent treatment for prolapse?
Permanent fixation Cervicopexy or Vaginopexy
74
What are the types of mange? Which are zoonotic or reportable?
Sarcoptic (zoonotic and reportable) Chorioptic (eradicated in US) Psoroptic (reportable) Demodectic (chronic condition) Psorergatic (eradicated in the US)
75
What are the treatments for mange?
Injectable Ivermectin Lime sulfur dips
76
What is sheep pox and who does it affect?
Acute viral disease that is fatal Affects humans, birds, cloven-hooved animals, horses
77
What carries the pox virus on the animal?
Viruses are in fluid filled blisters on the skin surface.
78
How is sheep pox transmitted?
Inhalation Direct contact with the lesion Biting insects
79
True or False: There is a vaccine for Sheep Pox and it is effective.
True
80
Does Sheep Pox exist in the US?
No, but it is still important to know because of the high morbidity and zoonotic potential.
81
Who are primarily affected by sheep pox?
Lambs
82
What are the clinical signs of Sheep Pox?
Febrile Paralysis Skin lesions on non-wooled areas and mucous membranes
83
What is Orf?
Sore mouth Viral dermatitis caused by parapoxvirus
84
True or False: Orf is limited to one host from a herd of sheep.
False: Orf is contagious, zoonotic AND very resistant!
85
How long can orf survive?
Up to 12 years in scabs
86
What seasons does Orf typically appear?
Summer/fall
87
Describe clinical signs of Orf.
Scabs found on the lips, extending to mouth Can be found interdigitally or on udder Signs can last 1-4 weeks. **Scabs can fall off but contain the virus.**

Vet 212: Large Animal Disease (6 decks)

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