Cattle Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
What vaccines are administered to cattle? How often?
A
BVDV: Bovine Viral Diarrhea
IBR: Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Caused by Bovine Herpes Virus 1)
PI3: Parainfluenza 3
BRSV: Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (decreases O2 exchange surface area)
Twice as calves, then once a year
2
Q
What are zoonotic diseases for cows?
A
Cryptosporidiosis
Tuberculosis
Leptospirosis
Brucellosis
Rabies
Listeria
3
Q
What protozoal disease causes Coccidia/Coccidiosis?
A
Eimeria
(zuernii, bovis, aubumensis)
Isospora spp.
4
Q
What is the primary effect of coccidia?
A
Destruction of intestinal mucosa
5
Q
True or False: Coccidia is host-specific with no cross-immunity between species of coccidia.
A
True
6
Q
Coccidia is found primarily ____, but can be found where?
A
Young, confined animals - But is also present in most livestock to some degree
7
Q
What are clinical signs of coccidia?
A
- Bloody diarrhea
- Tenesmus (straining to defecate)
- Dehydration
- Anemia and hypoproteinemia in severe cases
- Can stunt growth
- High fatality if CNS signs occur
8
Q
What are treatments for coccidia?
A
Supportive care
Sulfonamides
Amprolium (coccidiostat), Monensin (Antibiotic)
Coccidia has a self-limiting life cycle.
9
Q
What can be done to prevent or control Coccidia?
A
Proper sanitization
Avoid stressors
Preventative coccidiostats in feed
10
Q
What is and what causes cryptospora/cryptosporidiosis?
A
Protozoal disease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum
11
Q
How does cryptospora affect calves?
A
Neonatal calf disease - common cause of calf diarrhea
12
Q
What is cryptospora commonly combined with?
A
E. coli or Salmonella
13
Q
What percentage of dairy calves are infected with cryptospora?
A
Up to 70% of dairy calves, more if in contact with sheep/goat
14
Q
True or False: Cryptospora is highly zoonotic.
A
TRUE
15
Q
How is cryptospora transmitted?
A
Oocysts shed in feces
Environmental contamination
16
Q
True or False: Cryptospora can be killed by any disinfecting agents.
A
False - Resistant to most disinfecting agents, can survive up to several months in the environment
17
Q
How early can cryptosporidiosis appear in calves?
A
As early as 5 days old
18
Q
Mild to moderate diarrhea is present for up to _ days or as long as it takes for intestinal lining to regenerate.
A
7 days
19
Q
True or False: Diarrhea associated with cryptosporidium is self-limiting.
A
True
20
Q
What can make cryptosporidiosis life-threatening?
A
Severe dehydration
Concurrent infections with viruses and bacteria
21
Q
How is cryptosporidiosis diagnosed?
A
Testing for oocysts in feces
22
Q
What is the treatment for cryptosporidiosis?
A
No licensed treatment
Supportive care: fluids, nutrition, electrolytes
23
Q
How can cryptosporidiosis be prevented/controlled?
A
Proper sanitation
Hyperimmune Bovine Colostrum
No vaccine is available
24
Q
What are the H.O.T. parasites?
A
Haemonchus
Ostertagia
Trichostronglyus trio
25
Which H.O.T. parasite is worst? Why?
Ostertagia
Larval inhibition: Life stage delayed until favorable conditions are present
Exist in abomasal wall (ostertagiasis)
Can cause edema and hypergastrinemia
Possibly contributes to abomasal ulcers
26
What is calf scours?
Diarrhea in calves
27
What causes calf scours?
Exact cause often unknown
Symptomatically treated
28
What are contributing factors to calf scours?
Lack of colostrum
Poorly vaccinated dams
Unhygienic conditions
29
What are nutritional factors or infectious problems related to calf scours?
Rotavirus
E. coli
Salmonella
Clostridium perfringens
(All except Rotavirus: spore-forming bacterial, resistant to environment)
30
True or False: Antibiotics are the first treatment of choice for calf scours.
False: Antibiotics are only given if the calf is overall sick - fever, possible sepsis, etc.
31
What is BVD(V)?
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (Virus)
BVD Mucosal Disease Complex
32
What are clinical signs of mild BVD?
Diarrhea, fever, milk drop, respiratory signs
Transient disease: Mild fever/respiratory signs
33
What are signs of severe BVD?
High fever, oral ulcerations, diarrhea, dehydration, interdigital lesions
Leukopenia/thrombocytopenia with hemorrhages
**OFTEN FATAL**
34
What type of virus is BVD?
RNA Virus in the Pestivirus group
35
Define cytopathic vs. noncytopathic biotypes.
Cytopathic: Virus kills infected cells (severe strains)
Noncytopathic: Nonapparent chronic infections (most common)
36
What happens if a pregnant dam contracts BVD?
Dam may experience spontaneous abortion or still birth if fetus is older (8-9 months)
Congenital malformations
37
What happens if a dam is infected with BVD and the fetus is between 4-6 months?
The calf is born with continuous infection - the calf with shed the virus for life, will have no immunity, and is susceptible to severe disease due to lack of immunity.
38
What is a PI calf?
"Persistently Infected"
Calves are infected with noncytopathic virus before birth, no immunity.
Calves will seem normal but will get severe disease if in contact with cytopathic strain.
39
What is mucosal disease?
A fatal form of BVDV
Can be acute or chronic
PI calves can become infected with cytopathic strain of BVDV or receive a modified live vaccine
Infections in calves can mutate into cytopathic strain from noncytopathic
40
What is the presentation of Mucosal Disease?
Eye lesions
Mucosal ulcerative lesions
**Can look like reportable diseases such as Foot and Mouth disease, Rinderpest, Blue Tongue, Malignant Catarrhal Fever**
41
How is BVD transmitted?
* PI calves shedding virus into environment
* Biting insects
* Fomites
* Semen
* Biological products (blood, plasma, etc)
* Wild ruminants (deer, elk, etc)
42
How is BVD diagnosed?
* History
* Clinical signs
* Paired serum samples (active ilness vs 2-3 weeks post sample, virus isolation, PCR, acute vs. chronic)
* Tissue/nasal swabs
* Spleen, lymph nodes, and GI ulcerations (only at necropsy)
43
How is BVD controlled?
* Testing embryo donor/recipients
* Semen testing at lab prior to shipping
* Screen for PI animals - skin biopsies for antigen detection **(very conclusive)**, Virus can be isolated from serum or buffy coats, Elisa tests
* Vaccinate non-PI calves
* **NO MLV IN PREGNANT ANIMALS - can cause spontaneous abortion**
* **Biosecurity measures are VERY important - vaccination, cull all PI animals**
44
How is BVD treated?
Supportive care
Mucosal disease usually results in euthanasia
45
What is Hardware Disease?
Cattle don't completely masticate food when initially ingested (keratin is thick and they don't notice), metallic object falls directly into the reticulum or is passed there from the rumen. Reticular contractions compress object against the wall, causing perforation.
46
What happens if hardware disease occurs during late term gestation?
Uterine pressure or abdominal pressure during parturition can cause penetration of reticular wall
47
Where does Hardware Disease commonly occur?
Chopped silage/hay from fields with rusty fences
Housing in an area where garbage blows into field
Old equipment parked nearby
48
What are potential risks with Hardware Disease?
Penetration of diaphragm, pericardium, heart
Liver abscesses
49
How is Hardware Disease characterized?
GI Stasis
Localized peritonitis
Pleuritis with possible pericarditis
50
What are the clinical signs of Hardware Disease?
* Rumenoreticular atony (abnormal relaxation of muscle)
* Decreased milk production
* Decreased fecal output
* Shallow respirations
* Fever
* Arched back, relunctance to move
* Abducted elbows
51
What is the "Scooch and Grunt" test?
Two people hold a broom or long object behind the elbows on each side and push up
The cow will grunt if positive
52
What are the clinic signs of pleuritis and pneumonia?
* Tachypnea
* Tachycardia
* Fever
* Shallow respirations
* Muffled lung/heart sounds
* Evidence of CHF
* Sudden death
53
How is Hardware Disease diagnosed?
* Clinical signs
* History
* Radiographs
* Metal detectors
* Ultrasound of thorax and abdomen
54
What are the treatments for Hardware Disease?
Non-surgical: Magnets, antibiotics
Surgical: Rumenotomy/removal of object
55
How is Hardware Disease managed?
Avoid the problem by giving rumen magnets to yearling stock
56
What is the official name for "Bloat"?
Rumen Tympany
57
Where is the rumen located?
Left side
58
What is Frothy Bloat?
Primary ruminal tympany
* Fermentation gases are trapped in froth within the rumen
* Cannot belch/eructate
* **Caused by plants high in soluble leaf proteins, saponins, hemicellulose, such as succulent forages (alfalfa, clover, high grain)**
* Saliva normally breaks down the rumen froth
59
What is Free Gas Bloat?
Secondary Ruminal Tympany
* Occurs secondary to other issues
* Esophageal obstruction
* Vagal indigestion
* Tetanus
* Grain overload/ruminal atony
60
What are the clinical signs of Bloat?
* Within one hour of turnout onto lush pasture or break in to food room
* Ruminal distention of paralumbar fossa
* Dyspnea
* Grunting
* Head extensions
* Urination
* Collapse
* Death
61
What is the treatment for Rumen Tympany?
* Emergency rumenotomy
* Orogastic tube
* Trocar/placement: a large metal instrument with a cutting point and an enclosed tube - used to relieve gas
* Antifoaming agents: Vegetable oil, sodium sulfate (DSS, docusate)
62
How do you prevent Bloat in cattle?
* Add antifoaming agents to rations
* Increased roughage
* Pasture control
63
What are other names for Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex?
* Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves
* Shipping Fever Pneumonia
(Enzootic: always around, focus on prevention rather than eradication)
64
What are contributing factors to BRDC?
* Environment: hygienic conditions, population
* Viral/bacterial respiratory disease
* Feedlot animals: in close contact/shared airflow with other animals
65
What can cause BRDC?
* Initial stress that leads to immunosuppression
* Viral infections: BVDV, PI3, BRSV, BHV1
* Bacterial infections secondary to viral infection (Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somnus
66
How can BRDC be controlled/prevented?
* Reduce stress
* Vaccinate prior to transport
* Feed changes done gradually
* Minimize dust exposure - irritants due to urine, fecal contamination
67
What bacteria is responsible for Bovine Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium (slow bacterial reproduction, intracellular)
68
True or False: Bovine tuberculosis is only transmissible to cattle.
False: Zoonotic.
69
True or False: Tuberculosis is incubated very quickly and symptoms appear rapidly.
False: This organism has a long, silent incubation period and many are asymptomatic carriers.
70
What are the most common strains of Mycobacterium?
M. bovis
M. tuberculosis
71
How is Bovine Tuberculosis spread?
Mostly through aerosol, but sputum dispersed onto another object can pass to animal that ingests it
72
What are some ways that Bovine Tuberculosis is killed?
Killed by sunlight
Pasteurization
Phenolic compounds
73
True or False: Outbreaks of tuberculosis that occur in wildlife remain among the wildlife population.
False: Tuberculosis outbreaks in the wild can be passed to cattle.
74
What are some issues with eradicating Tuberculosis?
* It is difficult to identify infected individuals
* All affected cows need to be culled
* Wildlife population can be a reservoir for TB infection
* Large dairies are not feasible to depopulate
75
How is Bovine Tuberculosis diagnosed?
Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) - injected intradermally into cow
76
What is "Hypocalcemia"?
Periparturient Paresis (Also known as "Milk Fever") - Sudden downward shift of calcium in milk, causing calcium deficiency
77
What is the presentation of hypocalcemia in cattle?
* Can be acute to peracute
* Afebrile
* Flaccid paralysis (without obvious cause)
* Post freshening distress
78
When do you see clinical signs of cattle hypocalcemia?
Within 72 hours of freshening
79
What are the three stages of cattle hypocalcemia?
Stage One: Ambulatory, excitable, ataxic with tremors
Stage Two: Sternal, dry nose, lethargy, anorexia, cold, tachycardia, smooth muscle paralysis, head turned to flank
Stage Three: Loss of consciousness, coma, death
80
How is cattle hypocalcemia treated?
* IV Calcium
* Phosphorus and magnesium sometimes included
* Response is usually immediate
81
What are other names for Ketosis?
Ketonemia
Acetonemia
82
True or False: Ketosis is mainly associated with dairy cows.
True
83
When does ketosis occur in cattle?
After calving, in early lactation up to peak lactation (42 days postpartum)
84
What happens during ketosis?
Glucose demand is increased, fat mobilization leads to increased non-esterified fatty acids, converting into ketons in the liver during gluconeogenesis
85
What are the clinical signs of ketosis?
Two forms:
Wasting Form: anorexia, weight loss, depression
Nervous form: pica, licking, incoordination, abnormal gait, head pressing, bellowing, aggression
86
What is associated with ketosis?
A. Fatty Liver
B. Starvation
C. All of the above
C. All of the above
87
What cows are at risk for ketosis?
Cows with high BCS before calving
88
How is ketosis diagnosed in cattle?
Recognition of risk factors in a herd
Clinical signs
Smell for acetone (in urine, milk, breath)
Rule out other diseases
"Cowside Test" - test milk
89
How is ketosis treated?
* Resolve hypoglycemia and reduce ketones
* IV dextrose
* Glucocorticoids, propylene glycol
* Insulin (extra label, unapproved)
90
How is ketosis prevented?
Proper nutrition
Addition of propylene glycol to rations
91
Is Leptospirosis zoonotic?
Yes.
92
What type of bacteria is Leptospirosis?
Spirochete bacteria with 20 species
93
True or False: Leptospirosis can only survive in special environments.
False: Lepto survives in most environments.
94
How is leptospirosis transmitted?
* Skin or mucous membrane contact with urine or contaminated water
* Ingestion
* Sexually transmitted (venereal)
95
How does Leptospirosis infect the host?
It is spread by the lymphatic system.
96
The immune system can clear Leptospirosis from all areas in the body except:
Brain, eyes, genital tract, proximal renal tubules
97
What can happen if Leptospirosis is introduced to a naive herd?
Late term abortions
Still births
Retention of Fetal Membranes (RFM)
Decrease in fertility
98
What happens in dairy cattle when infected with Leptospirosis?
Bovine babesiosis in calves with hemoglobinuria
Mastitis
Abortions, still births
99
What are the clinical signs of Leptospirosis?
Clinical signs are variable
Patients can be asymptomatic or exhibit:
Renale failure
Fever
Abortion
Icterus
Death
100
Where in the body does Leptospirosis live?
Kidneys and reproductive organs
101
How is Leptospirosis diagnosed?
Serum IgM or IgG
Compare acute/convalescent titers
Single titer > 1:800
Carriers and shedders won't have diagnostic titers
Identified organisms in urine or tissues
102
What is the treatment for Leptospirosis?
Tetracyclines
103
What is the withdrawal time for tetracycline in dairy cows?
96 hours
104
How can Leptospirosis be prevented?
Proper management and vaccinations
Titers are protective up to 12 months
105
What are other names for Brucellosis?
Bang's Disease
Contagious Abortion
106
What is Brucellosis?
Disease resulting in abortions - RFM (Retained fetal membrane), orchitis
107
Is Brucellosis zoonotic?
Yes.
108
What symptoms can Brucellosis cause in humans?
Undulant fever
109
Who is at risk for Brucellosis?
Animals: Buffalo, pigs, sheep, goat, dogs, elk, horses
Humans: Immunosuppressed individuals and children
110
Who is at risk for Brucellosis?
Animals: Buffalo, pigs, sheep, goat, dogs, elk, horses
Humans: Immunosuppressed individuals and children
111
What is the presentation of Brucellosis in dairy cattle?
Abortion storms in unvaccinated cattle
Weak/stillborn calves
RFM
Decreased milk production
112
How is Brucella shed?
Milk
Uterine Fluids
Semen
113
How long can Brucella live in the environment?
2 months, if not exposed to direct sunlight
114
How is Brucella diagnosed?
Serology or recovery of Brucella from fetal membranes, aborted fetus, milk
Serum or milk agglutination tests
Elisa to detect antibodies in milk and serum
Screening tests (Brucella milk ring test, serum screening tests)
115
What is the treatment for Brucella?
No treatment
Test and slaughter
Brucella-free areas are attainable
Vaccination is mandatory in replacement heifers less than 6 months of age
Eradication Program: Vaccinated animals must have ear tag or tattoo
116
What are wildlife reservoirs for Brucella?
Deer, elk, bison, moose
117
What is Johne's Disease?
Paratuberculosis: Chronic contagious granulomatous enteritis
"Tuberculosis of guts"
118
True or False: Paratuberculosis is easily managed.
False: Paratuberculosis is very difficult to control.
119
Paratuberculosis affects which of these:
A. Ruminants
B. Camelids
C. Rabbits
D. Foxes
E. Weasels
F. Non-human Primates
G. All of the above
G. All of the above
120
What bacteria does Paratuberculosis come from?
Mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis
121
True or False: Paratuberculosis is fully eradicated in the US.
False: Up to 50% of dairy herds in the US are still affected
122
How is Paratuberculosis spread?
Spread in feces, colostrum, milk
Can be spread asymptomatically
123
How long can Paratuberculosis live on pastures?
Over 1 year
124
When does infection from Paratuberculosis occur?
As calves, but clinical signs appear over 2 years of age
125
Where is Paratuberculosis found?
In the macrophages of the gut lining, which causes enteritis
Macrophages cannot consume the bacteria
126
What are the clinical signs of Paratuberculosis?
Persistent diarrhea (can begin as intermittent) -> Inappetence -> weight loss -> Debilitation -> Death
127
How is Paratuberculosis diagnosed?
Very difficult to detect due to intracellular nature
Detection is done in feces
PCR is the best option
Cultures are very slow
Skin testing, serum antibody testing
**Multiple tests combined can lead to confirmation**
False negatives will be present
**Definitive diagnosis: necropsy with culture and histopath**
128
What is the treatment for Paratuberculosis?
There is no treatment, only prevention.
129
How is Paratuberculosis controlled?
Sanitation
Remove young immediately after birth
Feed colostrum from other source or that has been pasteurized
Raise separate from adults
Routine testing of adults and replacement animals
Quarantine of replacement animals
**Vaccination only limits disease**
130
What is IBK? How is it spread?
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
"Bovine Pink Eye"
(Moraxella bovis)
Acute disease spread via flies
131
Where is IBK most common?
Dry, dusty conditions and bright sunlight
132
What are the clinical signs of IBK?
Blepharospasm
Photophobia
Epiphoria
Corneal ulcers
133
How is IBK treated?
Antibiotics (Tetracyclines)
Conunctival flaps/third eyelid flaps
Eye patches for affected eyes
134
How is IBK prevented?
Fly control
Vaccination
Separation of infected animals
135
What is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy?
Mad Cow Disease - progressive neurological disease
**A prion** (infectious protein)
Widely accepted as caused by a mutant form of scrapie (prion) found in sheep
136
What are the clinical signs of BSE?
Nervousness
Behavioral changes
Hypersensitivity to external stimuli
Kicking/twitching
Aggressive pawing at ground
Hind limb ataxia
Progressive weight loss
Decreased milk production
137
True or False: There is no treatment or vaccine for BSE.
True. Federal surveillance plans are in place to detect BSE in cattle populations.
138
What is the scientific name for Polio?
Cerebrocortical necrosis
139
What animals are affected by Polio?
Cattle
Sheep
Goats
Deer
Camelids
140
What can cause Polio?
Low thiamine
High sulfur intake
Toxic or metabolic diseases
141
What can cause decreased thiamine?
Dietary intake
Ingestion of thiaminases from plants
Thiaminases produced by gut bacteria
142
What can cause increased sulfur intake?
Dietary excesses in feed and water sources
Increased ruminal sulfides from bacteria
(Hydrogen sulfide gas = neurotoxic)
Water from deep wells/springs that contain high levels of sulfur
143
What can cause increased sulfur intake?
Dietary excesses in feed and water sources
Increased ruminal sulfides from bacteria
(Hydrogen sulfide gas = neurotoxic)
Water from deep wells/springs that contain high levels of sulfur
144
What are clinical signs of Polio?
Blindness
Staggers
Hypermetric gait ("Goose stepping")
Recumbency
Tonic-clonic (Grand Mal) seizures
Coma
Head pressing
Opisthotonos (backward arching of head, neck, and spine)
Bruxism
145
How is Polio diagnosed?
Clinical signs
Necropsy (Through autofluorescent brain tissue)
146
How is Polio treated?
Thiamine
Recovery is usually complete within 24 hours of initiation
Test all sources for sulfur
147
True or False: Mastitis is the most common disease of dairy cows.
True
148
What is the morbidity of mastitis in cows?
38%
149
What is the likelihood of a cow contracting mastitis?
3/10 cows will have clinical mastitis.
150
What bacterias are related to mastitis?
Environmental:
Streptococcus ubris/dysgalactia
Contagious:
Streptococcus agalactia
Corynebacterium
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma
151
How can mastitis be controlled?
Management (teat dips, dry cow therapy, environmental contaminants, milking hygiene)
Nutrition
Bedding
Milking machine function
Prevention of opportunistic infections
National Mastitis Council
| Dry Cow Therapy: Treat with abx at dry off
152
How can mastitis be controlled?
Management (teat dips, dry cow therapy, environmental contaminants, milking hygiene)
Nutrition
Bedding
Milking machine function
Prevention of opportunistic infections
National Mastitis Council
| Dry Cow Therapy: Treat with abx at dry off
153
What is the subclinical classification of mastitis?
Increased SCC, milk and mammary glands normal, detect with CMT
(Common bacteria Strep. agalactia and Staph. aureus)
154
What is the clinical classification of mastitis?
Acute/acute gangrenous
Chronic
Grossly abnormal milk
Mammary glands abnormal, swollen or painful
Gait abnormalities
155
Describe acute clinical mastitis.
Milk is normal but may have flakes or clots. Signs are systemic.
156
Describe acute gangrenous mastitis.
Uncommon in cows
Severe systemic illness resulting in anorexia, dehydration, fever, depression
Common agent: Staphylococcus or Clostridium
Red swollen glands, teats become cold, blue teats/udder
157
Chronic mastitis presents as?
No clinical signs for long periods of time
Increased SCC
Periodic flakes in milk
Gradual scar tissue into gland
Decreased milk production
Common pathogens: Strep. agalactia, Staph. aureus, Salmonella
158
When does prolapse usually occur?
Last semester of pregnancy
159
What are the grades of prolapse?
Grade I: Intermittent prolapse
Grade II: Continuous acute prolapse of vaginal tissue
Grade III: Continuous acute prolapse of vaginal, bladder and cervical tissue
Grade IV: Prolapse of grade II or II with resultant trauma, infection, or necrosis
