SHALLOW MARINE WATERS: KELP FOREST & CORAL GARDENS Flashcards
Grows in temperate to subpolar regions where there is a solid bottom and no overgrazing.
Kelp
Confined to low latitudes, between 30°N & S
Coral Reefs
Categories of reefs (3)
- Fringing Reefs
- Barrier Reefs
- Coral Atolls
Hug the shore of a continent/island
Fringing Reef
Stands between the open sea and a lagoon.
Barrier Reefs
Have coral islets (that emerged from a submerged oceanic island and a ring lagoon)
Coral Atolls
Emerged from a submerged oceanic island and a ring lagoon.
Coral Islets
Habitats of corals (3)
- Reef Crest
- Buttress Zone
- Lagoon
Where corals grow in surge zone created by waves
Reef Crest
Corals formations alternate with sand-bottomed canyons
Buttress Zone
Contains numerous small coral reefs called patch reefs and sea grass beds.
Lagoon
Lagoon contains numerous small coral reefs called ______ & _______
Patch Reefs & Sea Grass Beds
At the water surface. More than 25 m above the seafloor.
Canopy
It forms when other seaweed species of smaller structure usually grow along the bottom.
Understory
Extend from the canopy to the bottom.
Stems or Stipes
Stems/stipes are anchored with these structures.
Holdfast
_____ on the stipes/stems of kelp grow numerous species of epiphytic algae and sessile invertebrates.
Fonds
Fonds on the stipes/stems of kelp grow numerous species of ________ & _______
Epiphytic Algae and Sessile Invertebrates
Only grow in surface waters where there’s sufficient light to support photosynthesis.
Seaweed and Reef-Building Corals
Few meter to 100 m depth of light penetration is sufficient to support this.
Kelp and Corals
How many depth of light penetration is sufficient to support Kelp and Corals.
Few meter - 100 m
Where kelps are limited to
Temperate shores
Where Reef-Building corals are restricted to
Warms Waters
At what below minimum temperature does reef-building corals should be
18°C to 20°C
At what average temperature does reef-building corals should be
23°C - 25°C
Temperature above ____ are lethal to reef-building corals.
29°C
Coral reefs and kelp beds are continuously washed out buy this.
Oceanic Currents
_____ + extremely strong currents (during hurricanes) can detach kelp forest and flatten coral reefs.
Wave Actions
The salinity where coral reefs can grow
Fairly Stable Salinity
Heavy rainfall/ runoff from rivers that reduces salinity below ____ can be lethal to corals
27%
Coral reefs and kelp forest occur here, which help sustain a well oxygenated environment.
Vigorous wave action/ active currents
Predatory crown-of-thorns sea star which eats corals. Have devastated ares of coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region.
Acanthasther planci
Where does Acanthasther planci devastated a large area?
Indo-Pacific Region
which eats both algae and corals. It also benefits the corals by reducing algal populations.
Diadema antillarum
This productivity depends on a mutually beneficial relationship between reef-building corals and algae called _____
Zooxanthellae
Human influences (6)
- Exploitation
- Coral Harvesting
- Heavy Exploitation
- Destructive Fishing
- Pollution
- Coral Bleaching
Tons of kelp are harvested as a ____ & _____
Food additive and for fertilizer
____ & ____ are used on coral reefs
Dynamite and Poison
In the Philippines, ____ of the area once covered by coral reefs were destroyed
60%
As the temperature of the ocean _____, corals have increasingly expelled their _____. Resulting in the loss of their color called ____
Warmed,
Zooxanthellae
Coral Bleaching
Bleaching episodes are followed by _______
Massive Coral Mortality
