OCEAN Flashcards
3 major oceans
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian
Largest ocean basin that extends to the Antarctic to the Arctic dea
Pacific Ocean
Second largest basin. Extends nearly from pole to pole.
Atlantic Ocean
Smallest of the three. Mostly confined to the Southern Hemisphere.
Indian Ocean
Undersea trenches that roo through the seafloor.
Mariana Trench
Where is Mariana Trench located and how deep is it?
- Western Pacific Ocean
- 10, 000 m
What are the horizontal zones of ocean
- Littoral (intertidal) Zone
- Neritic Zone
- Oceanic Zone
The shallowest shoreline
Littoral (intertidal) Zone
Under the influence of the rise and fall of the tides.
Littoral (intertidal) zone
Extends from the coast to the margin of the continental shelf.
Neritic Zone
Beyond the continental shelf.
Oceanic Zone
What are the vertical zone of the ocean
- Epipelagic Zone
- Mesopelagic Zone
- Bathypelagic Zone
- Abyssal Zone
- Hadal Zone
Surface layer of the ocean
Epipelagic Zone
Zone that extends to a depth of 200
Epipelagic Zone
Extends from 200 to 1000 m
Mesopelagic Zone
Extends from 1 000 to 4 000 m
Bathypelagic Zone
The layer from 4 000 to 6 000 m
Abyssal Zone
The deepest parts of the ocean
Hadal Zone
2 habitats in the ocean
- Benthic
- Pelagic
Habitats on the bottom of the of the ocean and other aquatic environments
Benthic
Organisms off the bottom regardless of depth
Pelagic
80% of the solar energy striking the ocean is absorbed in the first _____
10 m
______ & ______ is absorbed in the first few meters
Ultraviolet, Infrared Light
Are more absorbed more rapidly than blue light.
Red, orange, yellow, green
The wavelength that most likely scattered back to our eyes
Blue
3 oceanic zone of light
- Sunlight (euphotic) Zone
- Twilight (dysphotic) Zone
- Midnight (aphotic) Zone
Sunlight rarely penetrates beyond this zone
Sunlight (euphotic) Zone
Sunlight decreases rapidly with depth. Photosynthesis is not possible.
Twilight (dysphotic) Zone
Sunlight does not penetrate at all. Darkness.
Midnight (aphotic) Zone
Environment is bright with all the colors of the rainbow.
First 10 m
Below 50-60 m
Blue Twilight
Equal to the intensity of starlight on a clear night.
600 m
Deep black water. Only light is the bioluminescent fishes/invertebrates.
3, 400 m
A layer of water through which temperature changes rapidly with depth
Thermocline
Layering of the water column by temperature. It is a permanent feature of the tropical oceans.
Thermal Stratification
What are the water movements present in ocean?
- Prevailing winds
- Oceanic current
- Gyres
- Upwelling
Drive currents that transport nutrients, oxygen, and heat.
Prevailing winds
Moderate climates.
Fertilizers the surface waters off continents.
Stimulate photosynthesis.
Promote gene flow aming marine organisms.
Oceanic currents
Wind-driven surface currents that sweep across vast expanses pf open ocean to create great circulation systems.
Gyres
Movement of deep water to the surface. Wind blow surface water offshore, allowing cold water to rise to the surface.
Upwelling
The amount of salt dissolves in water.
Salinity
Occur where precipitation exceeds evaporation.
Lowest salinities
Occur where precipitation is low and evaporation is high.
Highest salinities
Receives large input of freshwater. Local salinities of 7% or lower
Baltic Sea
Surrounded by deserts. Surface salinities of over 40%.
Red Sea
Is present in far lower concentrations. Varies much more in the ocean than in aerial environments.
Oxygen
Highest near the ocean surface. Decreases progressively with depth.
Oxygen Concentration
Photosynthetic organisms are limited to the brightly lighted ________
Epipelagic zone
The entire biological communities on the seafloor are nourished by this
Chemosynthetic Organisms
Marine environment supports ____ and ____ are endemic.
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What are the human influences?
- Killing of whales
- Harvesting of krill
- Overfishing
- Chemical pollution
- Garbage patches
Small planktonic crustacean that serve as the great whale’s flood supply.
Krill
Has led to the great declines in commercially important fish stocks.
Overfishing
_____ are accumulating in deep sea sediments.
Chemical Pollutants
Resistant to decomposition
Plastic debris
Plastic debris has build up in the central portions of the oceans im extensive,”______”
Garbage patches
