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Block 4 > SFP: respiratory embryology > Flashcards

SFP: respiratory embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the respiratory tract begin with?

A

Laryngotracheal groove

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2
Q

What happens after the development of the laryngotracheal groove?

A

There is a ventral evagination of endoderm to form lung buds

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3
Q

Describe the branching of lung buds.

A

It is asymmetrical; this gives 3 lobes in the right lung and 2 in the left.

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4
Q

What regulates the formation of lung buds?

A

EMT between gut endoderm and surrounding mesenchyme

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5
Q

What are the major signaling molecules in the formation of lung buds?

A

Retinoic acid made by the mesoderm upregulates TBX4 in the gut endoderm to initiate bud formation.

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6
Q

What weeks are the embryonic stage?

A

4-7

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7
Q

What happens in the embryonic stage?

A

Lung buds form and pleuropericardial folds begin to form.

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8
Q

What weeks are the pseudoglandular stage?

A

5-16

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9
Q

What happens in the pseudoglandular stage?

A

Lung buds form, but they resemble a gland more than anything else and respiration is not possible. There are no terminal or respiratory bronchioles.

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10
Q

What weeks are the canalicular stage?

A

17-26

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11
Q

What happens in the canalicular stage?

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts form. Respiration is possible at the end of this stage due to flattening of type I cells and surfactant secretion by type II.

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12
Q

What weeks are the terminal sac stage?

A

26-birth

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13
Q

What happens in the terminal sac stage?

A

More type I cells flatten, respiration is possible, and the lymph system develops.

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14
Q

When is the alveolar stage?

A

Birth-8 years

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15
Q

What happens in the alveolar stage?

A

The number of respiratory bronchioles grows.

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16
Q

The lung epithelium is derived from…

A

Endoderm

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17
Q

Glands are derived from…

A

Endoderm

18
Q

Cartilage is derived from…

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

19
Q

Lung connective tissue is derived from…

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

20
Q

Muscle is derived from…

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

21
Q

Blood and lymph vessels are derived from…

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

22
Q

What separates the esophagus from the trachea?

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

23
Q

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

A complication due to defect in the development of the tracheoesophageal septum.

24
Q

What is the most common presentation of tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

Type C; Upper esophagus ends in a blind pouch and the lower segment forms a fistula with the trachea.

25
Q

What is the most and least common form of TEF?

A

Most is type C, least is type E.

26
Q

What factors are needed for normal lung development?

A

Adequate thoracic space, fetal breathing, and adequate amniotic fluid.

27
Q

What causes lung hypoplasia?

A

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, too little amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios).

28
Q

What is the usual outcome of lung hypoplasia?

A

Death due to pulmonary insufficiency.

29
Q

How are the lungs cleared of fluid?

A

Mouth and nose, pulmonary capillaries, lymphatics.

30
Q

What is required for transition from depending on the placenta to autonomous gas exchange?

A
  1. Adequate surfactant
  2. Transformation of lungs from secretory to gas exchange
  3. Parallel pulmonary and systemic circulations.
31
Q

What causes neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Insufficient surfactant production by type II cells.

32
Q

What is the intraembryonic coelom?

A

Structure separating the two layers of lateral mesoderm. It is in a horseshoe shape in the cranial to caudal orientation.

33
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelom form?

A

Pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities.

34
Q

What separates the pleural and pericardial cavities?

A

Pleuropericardial folds.

35
Q

What forms the fibrous pericardium?

A

The expansion and fusing of pleuropericardial folds at the midline.

36
Q

What is found between the heart and yolk sac?

A

A portion of somatic mesoderm from folding in the sagittal plane.

37
Q

What are the 4 contributions of the diaphragm?

A
  1. Septum transversum develops in the central tendon
  2. Pleuroperitoneal folds fuse muscular ingrowth with central tendon
  3. Dorsal mesentery of esophagus
  4. Muscular ingrowth from lateral body wall.
38
Q

Does a spinal cord injury below C3-5 impact the diaphragm?

A

No.

39
Q

What is ectopic cordis?

A

Heart develops outside the body cavity due to failure of body wall closure in the thoracic region.

40
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Failure of closure of the ventral body wall.

41
Q

What causes a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

Lack of fusion of pleuroperitoneal folds.

42
Q

What causes eventration of the diaphragm?

A

Weakness of pleuroperitoneal membrane causes the intestines to push into the thoracic cavity.

Block 4 (28 decks)

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