SFP: intro to the respiratory system

Question 1

What are the major clinical problems with lung function?

Answer 1

Impaired gas exchange, increased work of breathing, and obstructive/restrictive disease

Question 2

Differentiate external and internal respiration

Answer 2

External involves the exchange of gases between cells of an organism and its environment, while internal involves utilizing O2 in cellular metabolism

Question 3

What is the main drive for breathing?

Answer 3

CO2; we want to get it out. We normally breathe to get CO2 out more than we do to get oxygen in

Question 4

What is the regulation method of breathing?

Answer 4

It is under central control; it is not autonomic

Question 5

Describe regulation of breathing mechanics

Answer 5

Things in the blood such as O2, CO2, and pH are sensed by chemoreceptors, which then send signals to the control centers in the medulla. The signal is then sent through the phrenic nerve to control breathing.

Question 6

What is the major muscle of breathing?

Answer 6

The diaphragm

Question 7

Where does air exchange occur?

Answer 7

In the alveoli via capillaries

Question 8

Pulmonary circulation is determined by…

Answer 8

SV of the right ventricle

Question 9

What is bronchial circulation?

Answer 9

Blood coming from systemic circulation

Question 10

Differentiate between pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 10

They have opposite mechanisms; in hypoxic conditions, vessels in the systemic system will dilate. However, pulmonary vessels will vasoconstrict

Question 11

What is a normal PaCO2?

Answer 11

40

Question 12

What is tidal volume?

Answer 12

The amount of blood moving in and out of the system with every breath

Question 13

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 13

The max amount of air we can hold in the lungs

Question 14

What is vital capacity?

Question 15

What is residual volume?

Answer 15

The volume of air remaining in the lung after forcefully releasing vital capacity; we can never take all the air out of the lung

Question 16

What is the conducting zone?

Answer 16

A portion of upper respiratory passages that is responsible for the bulk of air movement. Pressure gradients are critical for the air flow

Question 17

What is responsible for the cough reflex?

Answer 17

The larynx; it reflexively closes to prevent food entering the trachea

Question 18

What is a thoracentesis?

Answer 18

Putting a needle between the visceral and parietal pleura to bring fluid out

Question 19

What is the significance of fluid in the pleural cavity?

Answer 19

It provides necessary surface tension to allow the lungs to move with the chest wall and keep the lungs open during breathing. Without it, the lungs would collapse

Question 20

What is the advantage of negative pressure breathing in terms of alveoli?

Answer 20

The alveoli expand uniformly

Question 21

What happens to alveoli during positive pressure breathing?

Answer 21

The inside alveoli inflate more than the outside alveoli, causing the outside alveoli to compress against the chest wall. This happens with ventilation.

Question 22

What is dead space in the respiratory system?

Answer 22

Portion that does not participate in gas exchange

Question 23

What receptor predominates in the bronchioles?

Answer 23

B2 (dilation) and M3 (constriction)

Question 24

What are type I and type II cells in the respiratory zone?

Answer 24

Epithelial cells; type I are where gas exchange happens and type II are stem cells and cells that make surfactant

Question 25

What are the main components of lung surfactant?

Answer 25

Lipids and protein

Question 26

What is a major lipid in lung surfactant?

Answer 26

DPPC

Question 27

What are the types of albumin in lung surfactant?

Answer 27

SP-A, B, C, D

Question 28

What do SP-A and SP-D do?

Answer 28

Facilitate phagocytosis

Question 29

What do SP-B and SP-C do?

Answer 29

Spread surfactant of alveolar surface