HRR: respiratory viruses Flashcards
How can we determine if a virus is active or inactive?
Introduce them to an appropriate host system and look for replication
What are two major structures of viruses?
Naked and enveloped
Describe a naked virus structure.
A protein capsid with genomic material inside
How are naked viruses released?
Via lysis
Describe an enveloped virus structure.
A protein capsid with genomic material inside surrounded by a lipid envelope with embedded proteins
How are enveloped viruses released?
They bud from the plasma membrane or into vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane
How do enveloped viruses get their membrane?
They steal it from the host via budding
Which virus structure is resistant to inactivation via ethanol?
Naked
Which virus structure is vulnerable to inactivation via ethanol?
Enveloped
What are two main capsid shapes?
Helical and spherical
Which nucleic acid polymerase enzymes are only found in viruses?
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptase); they’re used as drug targets
What virus genomes replicate in the nucleus?
ssDNA, dsDNA, retrovirus (RNA)
What virus genomes replicate in the cytoplasm?
dsRNA, -ssRNA, +ssRNA
What virus genome types establish latency/lifelong infection?
DNA and retrovirus RNA
What are nuclear inclusions?
Formed by DNA viruses in cells
Which virus families cause respiratory infections?
Picornaviruses, bocaviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, ortho, and paramyxoviruses
All respiratory viruses are…
Endemic
Most bacterial pneumonias are preceded by…
A viral respiratory infection
Rhinovirus: season and high-risk group?
Year round, NA
Enterovirus: season and high-risk group?
Summer, children
Bocavirus: season and high-risk group?
Unknown, children
RSV: season and high-risk group?
Winter; children, elderly, HSCT recipients
Coronavirus: season and high-risk group?
Year-round, varies
Adenovirus: season and high-risk group?
Year-round, varies