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HD 2 > Sexually Transmitted Diseases > Flashcards

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common STI?

A

Chlamydia

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2
Q

What STI are Black African men and women particularly over-represented for?

A

Chlamydia

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3
Q

What bacteria causes chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

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4
Q

What do serovars D-K (chlamydia) cause in males, females and neonates?

A

Males - urethritis, epipdidymitis, prostatitis
Females - cervicitis, PID, Fitz-Hugh Curtis
Neonate - conjunctivitis and pneumonia

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5
Q

What do serovars L1-3 (chlamydia) cause?

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum

Buboes, proctitis

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6
Q

What are the complications of chlamydia? (2)

A

Reactive arthritis

Infertility

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7
Q

How is chlamydia treated? (2)

A

Azithromycin

Doxycycline

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8
Q

What causes genital warts?

A

Human Papilloma Virus

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9
Q

How many % of genital warts are asymptomatic?

A

90%

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10
Q

What HPV sub-types are associated with carcinoma?

A

16, 18, 31, 33

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11
Q

How are genital warts managed? (3)

A

Topical podophyllotoxon
Imiquimod
Cryotherapy

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12
Q

What bacteria causes gonorrhoea?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

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13
Q

What does gonorrhoea cause in males, females and neonates?

A

Males – urethritis, proctitis, sore throat, epididymitis, prostatitis
Females – cervicitis, PID, Peri-hepatitis, septic abortion
Neonates – Conjunctivitis

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14
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A

Ceftriaxone

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15
Q

What are the complications of gonorrhoea? (4)

A

Septic arthritis, blindness, infertility, septicaemia

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16
Q

Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 - what does each one cause?

A

HSV-1 oral

HSV-2 genital

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17
Q

How is herpes managed? (3)

A

Aciclovir
Famciclovir
Valaciclovir

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18
Q

What bacteria causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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19
Q

What are the different stages of syphilis? (5)

A 
Primary
Secondary
Latent
Tertiary
Congenital
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20
Q

How is syphilis treated?

A

Penicillin

Doxycycline

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21
Q

How does primary syphilis present?

A

Chancre (usually single, painless)
Lymphadenopathy
Very infectious

22
Q

Is serology positive or negative in primary syphilis?

A

May be negative

23
Q

Is serology positive or negative in secondary syphilis?

24
Q

How does secondary syphilis present?

A

Very infectious
Rash, fever, lymphadenopathy
Condyloma lata (wart-like lesions on genitals)

25
Is the incidence or prevalence of HIV decreasing?
Decreasing incidence (increasing prevalence)
26
How many adults and children are living with HIV? | How many in the UK?
36.9 million | 91,500
27
What other medical conditions might lead to healthcare professionals to test the patient for HIV?
TB | Lymphoma
28
What are the symptoms of a primary HIV 1 infection?
``` Headache Lymphadenopathy Pharyngitis Nausea Rash Myalgias Fever, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats Oral/genital ulceration ```
29
Primary HIV 1 infection is said to be a ____ illness.
Seroconversion
30
How many % patients develop symptoms within 2-6 weeks of HIV infection?
75%
31
Why does HIV have a wide differential diagnosis?
It presents as a non-specific, glandular fever/flu-like illness.
32
During primary HIV infection, what can be said about the viral replication? What about the CD4 count?
Increased | Decreased
33
During primary HIV infection, the patient may be HIV antibody negative. Why is this?
HIV antibody can take up to 3 months to become positive
34
What antigen is tested for in HIV?
P24 antigen (positive in primary infection)
35
Primary infection of HIV is a time of high or low risk of transmission?
High
36
How does HIV cause disease?
HIV infects CD4+ T-cells (T-helper cells), macrophages and dendritic cells. Acute (primary) HIV infection leads to massive loss of CD4+ cells. Chronic HIV infection is associated with on-going loss of CD4+ cells, decline in immune system.
37
What is the direct effect of HIV? (3)
Wasting, diarrhoea, neurological problems
38
What are the types of opportunistic infections caused by HIV?
Viral, fungal, bacterial, mycobacterial and parasitic infections
39
What are the malignancies caused by HIV? (3)
Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, carcinoma (cervix)
40
What happens as the CD4 count falls?
Risk of HIV-related disease increases (some OIs only occur at low CD4 counts)
41
What happens if the CD4 count is >500?
Low risk of HIV-related disease
42
What happens if the CD4 count is 350-500?
Symptomatic HIV
43
What happens if the CD4 count is <200 or <100?
Gut infections, CMV, toxoplasmosis etc
44
How does anti-retroviral therapy aim to do?
Suppression HIV replication, causing CD4 count recovery (“immune reconstitution”). This causes a long term reduced risk of morbidity and mortality.
45
What does HAART stand for? How many classes of anti-retroviral drugs are currently available?
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy | 6
46
How do anti-retroviral drugs work?
Act during viral replication cycle to prevent production of new HIV particles
47
What is combination anti-retroviral therapy?
3 drugs from at least 2 (of the 6) classes of drugs
48
What are the six classes of anti-retroviral drugs?
``` Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g zidovudine) Non-NRTIs (e.g. nevirapine) Protease inhibitors (e.g. indinavir) Fusion inhibitors (enfuvirtide) Integrase inhibitors (e.g. raltegravir) Co-receptor antagonists (maraviroc) ```
49
What are the short-term side effects of HAART?
``` Nausea / vomiting / headache Sleep disturbance (Non-NRTIs e.g. efavirenz) ```
50
What are the long-term side effects of HAART?
Lipodystrophy (NRTIs and PIs) Renal dysfunction (tenofovir - NRTI) Peripheral neuropathy Lactic acidosis
51
How is HIV managed in pregnancy?
Early screening for HIV Anti-retroviral therapy for mother and infant Elective C section (vaginal delivery possible if undetectable HIV load) No breastfeeding
52
What is the risk of transmission from mother to child with HIV?
1% with management

HD 2 (25 decks)

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