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AS Biology > Sexual Reproduction in Mammals > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction in Mammals Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Cells with half the usual chromosome number

Haploid cells

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2
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The fusion of two gamete nuclei to make a zygote nuclei

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3
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The cell formed from the fusion of two gamete nuclei

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4
Q

What is sex?

A

Has a genetic basis which depends on the activation of the SRY chromosome - activated means male, inactive means female

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5
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The production of gametes

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6
Q

What are the gonads?

A

An animal organ where gametes are produced

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7
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

Ovaries

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8
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

Testes

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9
Q

What are the female gametes?

A

Ova

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10
Q

What are the male gametes?

A

Spermatazoa

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11
Q

What is the germinal epithelium?

A

The layer of cells that undergoes regular mitosis

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12
Q

Where is the germinal epithelium in females?

A

Outer layer of the ovaries

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13
Q

Where is the germinal epithelium in males?

A

Seminiferous tube

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14
Q

Explain spermatogenesis

A

Germinal epithelium in seminiferous tube divide by mitosis to form spermatagonium
Grow into primary spermatocytes
Divide by meiosis I to form secondary spermatocyte
Divide by meiosis II to form spermatids
Spermatids mature into spermatazoa

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15
Q

Are primary spermatocytes 2n or n?

A

2n

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16
Q

Are secondary spermatocytes 2n or n?

A

n

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17
Q

Are spermatids 2n or n?

A

n

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18
Q

When does spermatagonium occur?

A

After puberty, producing millions of sperm cells every day throughout adult life

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19
Q

What is a Graafian follicle?

A

A fluid filled sac formed from follicle of cells around the nucleus

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20
Q

How often does ovulation occur?

A

Every 28 days

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21
Q

What is a corpus luteum?

A

When the secondary oocyte leaves the Graafian follicle during ovulation and fills with hormone secreting cells to produce a yellow body

22
Q

When does the corpus luteum degenerate?

A

When fertilisation does not occur

23
Q

Explain the process of oogenesis

A

Germinal epithelium of the ovaries divides by mitosis to form oogonium
Oogonium grow into primary oocytes
Primary oocytes divide by meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and a polar body
Meiosis II happens after fertilisation
Primary oocyte divides into secondary oocyte and polar body. OG polar body divides into two polar bodies

24
Q

What is the stimulus needed for secondary oocytes to complete meiosis 2?

A

Fertilisation

25
Q

Name some differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

A

Ovum is non-motile, sperm is
Oogonium made in the fetus pre-birth, sperm made every day post puberty
Four sperm cells made from spermatagonium, one ovum made from an oogonium
Ejected by ejaculation vs ovulation
Sperm cells reach completion during sperm production, ovum halt at prophase 2

26
Q

What are cortical granules?

A

Vesicles around the outside of the cytoplasm of the oocyte

27
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

Layer of glycoprotein between cytoplasm and the follicle cells

28
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules in the testis

29
Q

What do the Sertoli cells do?

A

Nourish the sperm cells as they mature

30
Q

What does the head of the sperm contain?

A

Haploid nucleus and an acrosome

31
Q

What does the middle piece of the sperm contain?

A

Mitochondria for energy to move

32
Q

What does the tail of the sperm contain?

A

Microtubules

33
Q

What is the head of the sperm covered in?

A

Glycoprotein from the epididymus

34
Q

How is the secondary oocyte moved along the oviduct?

A

Beating action of the cilia on the cells lining the oviduct

35
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Changes to the head of the sperm which make it fully capable of fertilisation

36
Q

What are the two events which occur during capacitation?

A

Head stripped of glycoprotein

Acrosome reaction

37
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

Acrosome swells
Fuses to membrane of egg cell
Hydrolytic enzymes released by exocytosis
Moves through zona pellucida

38
Q

How do sperm get through the zona pellucida?

A

Enzymes from acrosome reaction hydrolyse the glycoprotein from which the zona pellucida is made

39
Q

What are the three main stages of gametogenesis?

A

Multiplication
Growth
Maturation

40
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of spermatazoa in the testes

41
Q

Are oogonium haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

42
Q

Are primary oocytes haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid

43
Q

Are secondary oocytes haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

44
Q

What are the products of oogenesis?

A

A haploid ovum and three polar bodies

45
Q

What are the adaptations of a sperm cell?

A

Acrosome - hydrolytic enzymes to break down zona pellucida
Mitochondria - ATP for energy for movement
Flagellum - movement
Haploid nucleus - restore diploid cell number
Streamlined - move quickly and efficiently

46
Q

Where does the sperm fertilise the secondary oocyte?

A

In the upper oviduct

47
Q

What is released from the Graafian follicle during ovulation?

A

Secondary oocyte

48
Q

When does the acrosome reaction occur?

A

When the head of the sperm touches the zona pellucida of the egg

49
Q

Name the stages of fertilisation

A

Acrosome reaction
Membrane fusion
Cortical reaction
Meiosis II

50
Q

Explain what happens during membrane fusion in fertilisation

A

Membrane of egg and sperm fuse so haploid nuclei can fuse

51
Q

What is the purpose of the cortical reaction?

A

To stop polyspermy

AS Biology (17 decks)

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