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AS Biology > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of living organisms with similar characteristics which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classification of living things

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3
Q

Why must classification be flexible?

A

So new organisms can be added

So fossils can be added

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4
Q

What does the process of classification involve?

A

Giving living things an agreed name and imposing a scheme upon the diversity of living things

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5
Q

Explain the binomial system of naming?

A

Genus name then species name

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6
Q

Give all the groups in the hierarchical scheme of classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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7
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Resemble each other in function but different in fundamental structure

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8
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures which are built to a common plan but adapted for different purposes

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9
Q

What is an artificial classification?

A

Classification based on analogous structure

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10
Q

What is a natural classification?

A

Classification based on similarities and differences due to close relationships between organisms that share a common ancestor (based on evolutionary links)

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11
Q

How can the relatedness of species be estimated?

A

Looking at the amounts of variation in the DNA

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12
Q

What is DNA sequencing

A

The process of determining the order of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule

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13
Q

What are the principles of DNA sequencing?

A

Extract DNA from tissues
Cut up DNA molecule at specific points with enzymes Tag bases with fluorescent dye
Separate with electrophoresis
Determine and compare base sequence

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14
Q

Explain how DNA is extracted from tissue samples

A

Mechanically broken up
Filtered
Cell membrane broken down with detergents
Protease breaks down protein framework
DNA precipitated out with ethanol and then put in pH buffer solution

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15
Q

Explain how DNA is chopped up

A

Addition of restriction enzymes like restriction endonucleases cuts DNA at a particular sequence of bases

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16
Q

Where do you find restriction endonucleases and why?

A

In bacteria to stop infection from viruses by cutting up viral DNA

17
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

A method of separating charged ions in a fluid

18
Q

What gel is used in electrophoresis and how do they work?

A

Agar gel or PAG. Small pores which act as a molecular sieve. Small particles move fast large particles move slow

19
Q

Why does DNA migrate towards the positive pole?

A

Phosphate groups on the DNA fragments are negative

20
Q

Why is classification needed?

A

Trace evolutionary links
Predict characteristics
Identify and name species

21
Q

Why is a binomial system of naming needed?

A

So that everyone has the same name for species worldwide

22
Q

What is molecular phylogeny?

A

The analysis of molecular differences in the DNA sequence of organisms to establish their evolutionary relationships

23
Q

What methods can be used to determine evolutionary links?

A

DNA sequencing
Gel electrophoresis
Bioinformatics
DNA hybridisation

24
Q

Summarise the stages of gel electrophoresis

A 
Obtain DNA sample - amplify by PCR
Cut with restriction enzymes
Put into wells in the gel electrophoresis tank
Apply current so it separates out
Add dye to stain the bands
Compare banding patterns
25
Q

How can you compare the banding patterns of two organisms?

A

Number of bands
Width of bands
Position of bands

26
Q

Summarise the stages of DNA hybridisation

A

DNA sample heated to separate into single strands of DNA
Mixed with single stranded bits of DNA from another species
Hydrogen bonds form between comp. base pairs
Heated to find temp at which all bonds break
Higher temp = more bonds = closely related

27
Q

What is bioinformatics?

A

the storage, manipulation and analysis of biological information via computer science

28
Q

What are the 5 kingdoms?

A 
Prokaryotae
Proctotista
Animalia
Fungi
Plantae
29
Q

Why did the 5 kingdom model have to be changed?

A

Because extremophiles were discovered and they were found to be slightly different to normal prokaryotes

30
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Species of bacteria which can survive in extremely hostile environments

31
Q

What evidence was there to change from 5 kingdom to 3 domain?

A

Extremophiles were found to have bigger ribosomal RNA than normal prokaryotes

32
Q

Name the three domains and explain each one?

A

Archae - extremophiles
Eubacteria - true bacteria
Eukaryota - all the eukaryotes

33
Q

What are the ways in which the scientific community can validate data?

A

Scientific journals
Peer review
Conferences

34
Q

Why do we use the same system universally?

A

So its accessible to all

Everyone can add to it

35
Q

What is a hierarchical scheme of classification?

A

Where each successive group has more species within it

AS Biology (17 decks)

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